View Source Policies

Policies determine what actions on a resource are permitted for a given actor, and can also filter the results of read actions to restrict the results to only records that should be visible.

To restrict access to specific fields (attributes, aggregates, calculations), see the section on field policies.

Read and understand the Actors & Authorization guide before proceeding, which explains actors, how to set them, and other relevant configurations.

Setup

You'll need to add the extension to your resource, like so:

use Ash.Resource, authorizers: [Ash.Policy.Authorizer]

Then you can start defining policies for your resource.

Policies

Anatomy of a Policy

Each policy defined in a resource has two parts -

a condition, such as action_type(:read) or actor_attribute_equals(:admin, true) or always(). If this condition is true for a given action request, then the policy will be applied to the request.
a set of policy checks, each of which will be evaluated individually if a policy applies to a request.

If more than one policy applies to any given request (eg. an admin actor calls a read action) then all applicable policies must pass for the action to be performed.

A policy will produce one of three results: :forbidden, :authorized, or :unknown. :unknown is treated the same as :forbidden.

The Simplest Policy

Let's start with the simplest (most permissive) policy:

policies do
  policy always() do
    authorize_if always()
  end
end

The first argument to policy is the condition. In this case, the condition is always() - a built-in helper always returning true, meaning that the policy applies to every request.

Within this policy we have a single policy check, declared with authorize_if. Checks logically apply from top to bottom, based on their check type. In this case, we'd read the policy as "this policy always applies, and authorizes always".

There are four check types, all of which do what they sound like they do:

authorize_if - if the check is true, the whole policy is authorized.
authorize_unless - if the check is false, the whole policy is authorized.
forbid_if - if the check is true, the whole policy is forbidden.
forbid_unless - if the check is false, the whole policy is forbidden.

If a single check does not explicitly authorize or forbid the whole policy, then the flow moves to the next check. For example, if an authorize_if check does NOT return true, this does not mean the whole policy is forbidden - it means that further checking is required.

How a Decision is Reached

Not every check in a policy must pass! This is described above, but is very important so another example is provided here. Checks go from top to bottom, are evaluated independently of each other, and the first one that reaches a decision determines the overall policy result. For example:

policy action_type(:create) do
  authorize_if IsSuperUser
  forbid_if Deactivated
  authorize_if IsAdminUser
  forbid_if RegularUserCanCreate
  authorize_if RegularUserAuthorized
end

We check those from top to bottom, so the first one of those that returns :authorized or :forbidden determines the entire outcome. For example:

authorize_if IsSuperUser # If this is true, the actor is a superuser

# None of the rest of the checks matter, even if the actor is deactivated.
forbid_if Deactivated
authorize_if IsAdminUser
forbid_if RegularUserCanCreate
authorize_if RegularUserAuthorized

Conversely:

authorize_if IsSuperUser # This can be false
forbid_if Deactivated # This can be false
authorize_if IsAdminUser # If this is true, then the policy is still authorized.

# And none of these checks matter
forbid_if RegularUserCanCreate
authorize_if RegularUserAuthorized

Not all policy checks have yes/no answers

This will be covered in greater detail in Checks, but will be briefly mentioned here.

Ash provides two basic types of policy checks - simple checks and filter checks. Simple checks are what we commonly think of with authorization, and what the above example would suggest - is an actor allowed to perform a given operation, yes or no? But we can also use filter checks - given a list of resources, which ones is an actor allowed to perform the operation on?

Filter checks are applied to all read actions, including those generated for bulk updates and destroys.

Bypass policies

A bypass policy is just like a regular policy, except if a bypass passes, then other policies after it do not need to pass. This can be useful for writing complex access rules, or for a simple rule like "an admin can do anything" without needing to specify it as part of every other policy.

A realistic policy

In this example, we use some of the provided built-in checks.

policies do
  # Anything you can use in a condition, you can use in a check, and vice-versa
  # This policy applies if the actor is a super_user
  # Additionally, this policy is declared as a `bypass`. That means that this check is allowed to fail without
  # failing the whole request, and that if this check *passes*, the entire request passes.
  bypass actor_attribute_equals(:super_user, true) do
    authorize_if always()
  end

  # This will likely be a common occurrence. Specifically, policies that apply to all read actions
  policy action_type(:read) do
    # unless the actor is an active user, forbid
    forbid_unless actor_attribute_equals(:active, true)
    # if the record is marked as public, authorize
    authorize_if expr(public == true)
    # if the actor is related to the data via that data's `owner` relationship, authorize
    authorize_if relates_to_actor_via(:owner)
  end
end

Policy Groups

Policy groups are a small abstraction over policies, that allow you to group policies together that have shared conditions. Each policy inside of a policy group have the same conditions as their group.

policies do
  policy_group actor_attribute_equals(:role, :owner) do
    policy action_type(:read) do
      authorize_if expr(owner_id == ^actor(:id))
    end

    policy action_type([:create, :update, :destroy]) do
      authorize_if expr(owner_id == ^actor(:id))
    end
  end
end

Nesting Policy groups

Policy groups can be nested. This can help when you have lots of policies and conditions.

policies do
  policy_group condition do
    policy_group condition2 do
       policy condition3 do
         # This policy applies if condition, condition2, and condition3 are all true
       end
    end
  end
end

Bypasses

Policy groups can not contain bypass policies. The purpose of policy groups is to make it easier to reason about the behavior of policies. When you see a policy group, you know that no policies inside that group will interact with policies in other policy groups, unless they also apply.

Access Type

Policies have an "access type" that determines when they are applied. By default, access_type is :filter. When applied to a read action, :filter will result in a filtered read. For other action types, the filter will be evaluated to determine if a forbidden error should be raised.

There are three access types, and they determine the latest point in the process that any check contained by a policy can be applied.

strict - All checks must be applied statically. These result in a forbidden error if they are not met.
filter - All checks must be applied either statically or as a filter. These result in a filtered read if they are not met, and a forbidden error for other action types.
runtime - This allows checks to be run after the data has been read. It is exceedingly rare that you would need to use this access type.

For example, given this policy:

policy action(:read_hidden) do
  authorize_if actor_attribute_equals(:is_admin, true)
end

A non-admin using the :read_hidden action would see an empty list of records, rather than a forbidden error.

However, with this policy

policy action(:read_hidden) do
  access_type :strict

  authorize_if actor_attribute_equals(:is_admin, true)
end

A non-admin using the :read_hidden action would see a forbidden error.

Checks

Checks evaluate from top to bottom within a policy. A check can produce one of three results, the same that a policy can produce. While checks are not necessarily evaluated in order, they logically apply in that order, so you may as well think of it in that way. It can be thought of as a step-through algorithm.

For each check, starting from the top:

Run the check.
- If it returns :authorized, the policy is :authorized
- If it returns :forbidden, the policy is :forbidden
- If it returns :unknown, the next check down is checked

For the example from earlier:

authorize_if IsSuperUser
- If this check succeeds, it returns :authorized, the whole policy is :authorized, and checks stop running
- If this check fails, it returns :unknown and the next check is checked
forbid_if Deactivated
- We only care about this result if the previous check failed, ie. the actor is not a super user.
- If this check succeeds, it returns :forbidden, the whole policy is :forbidden, and checks stop running
- If this check fails, it returns :unknown and the next check is checked
authorize_if IsAdminUser
- We only care about this result if the previous checks failed, ie. the actor is not a super user and is not deactivated.
- If this check succeeds, it returns :authorized, the whole policy is :authorized and checks stop running.
- If this check fails, it returns :unknown and the next check is checked
authorize_if RegularUserAuthorized
- We only care about this result if the previous checks failed, ie. the actor is not a super user, not deactivated and not an admin user.
- If this check succeeds, it returns :authorized, the whole policy is :authorized and checks stop running.
- If this check fails, it returns :unknown. As there are no more checks to run, the whole policy returns :unknown, which is treated as forbidden and the actor is not allowed to perform the action.

Types of checks

As mentioned earlier, there are two distinct types of checks - simple checks and filter checks. So far we've seen examples of both - let's look in a bit more detail.

Manual Checks
Both simple and filter checks are a subset of a third type of check - a manual check - but you will almost always want to write simple or filter checks.

Simple checks

Simple checks are determined at the outset of a request, and can only cause a request to be authorized or forbidden. These are typically yes/no questions - is the actor an admin? Did the actor create the post they want to call the update action on? Is the actor old enough to drink alcohol?

You can write a simple check by creating a new module and using the Ash.Policy.SimpleCheck module:

defmodule MyApp.Checks.ActorIsOldEnough do
  use Ash.Policy.SimpleCheck

  # This is used when logging a breakdown of how a policy is applied - see Logging below.
  def describe(_) do
    "actor is old enough"
  end

  # The context here may have a changeset, query, resource, and domain module, depending
  # on the action being run.
  # `match?` should return true or false, and answer the statement being posed in the description,
  # i.e "is the actor old enough?"
  def match?(%MyApp.User{age: age} = _actor, %{resource: MyApp.Beer} = _context, _opts) do
    age >= 21
  end

  def match?(_, _, _), do: false
end

You can then use this module as the check name, as part of a policy:

defmodule MyApp.Beer do
  # ...

  policies do
    policy action(:drink) do
      authorize_if MyApp.Checks.ActorIsOldEnough
    end
  end

  # ...
end

Ash will internally convert the true/false return value from match?/3 to a :authorized/:forbidden/:unknown response, depending on how the check is being run (ie. whether it's part of an authorize_if/forbid_if/etc.)

Filter checks

Many checks won't return a status yes/no, but instead return a "filter" to apply to a collection of data. They are most commonly used for read actions, but can be used for all types of actions.

For update and destroy actions, they apply to the data before the action is run.

For read actions, they will automatically restrict the returned data to be compliant with the filter. Using the drinking example from earlier, we could write a filter check to list only users that are old enough to drink alcohol.

There are two ways to write a filter check - by creating a module and using the Ash.Policy.FilterCheck module, or by using inline expression syntax.

defmodule MyApp.Checks.ActorOverAgeLimit do
  use Ash.Policy.FilterCheck

  # A description is not necessary, as it will be derived from the filter, but one could be added
  # def describe(_opts), do: "actor is over the age limit"

  # Filter checks don't have a `context` available to them
  def filter(_options) do
    expr(age_limit <= ^actor(:age))
  end
end

You can then use this module as the check name, as part of a policy:

defmodule MyApp.User do
  # ...

  policies do
    policy action(:of_drinking_age) do
      authorize_if MyApp.Checks.ActorOverAgeLimit
    end
  end

  # ...
end

Inline checks

Inline checks are filter checks, but are different enough to warrant their own documentation. These are written directly in a policy, eg.

policy action_type(:read) do
  # Allow records with the attribute `public` set to true to be read
  authorize_if expr(public == true)

  # Allow records with the attribute `level` less than the value of the `level`
  # argument to the action to be read
  authorize_if expr(level <= ^arg(:level))
end

Inline checks for create actions

When using expressions inside of policies that apply to create actions, you may not reference the data being created. For example:

policy action_type(:create) do
  # This check is fine, as we only reference the actor
  authorize_if expr(^actor(:admin) == true)
  # This check is not, because it contains a reference to a field
  authorize_if expr(status == :active)
end

Why can't we reference data in creates?

We cannot allow references to the data being created in create policies, because we do not yet know what the result of the action will be. For updates and destroys, referencing the data always references the data prior to the action being run, and so it is deterministic.

If a policy that applies to creates, would result in a filter, you will get a Ash.Error.Forbidden.CannotFilterCreates at runtime explaining that you must change your check. Typically this means writing a custom Ash.Policy.SimpleCheck instead.

Ash also comes with a set of built-in helpers for writing inline checks - see Ash.Policy.Check.Builtins for more information.

Referencing the actor

In expression checks, the actor template can be used (other templates that may work in filter expressions, for example, are not available). For example:

# Authorize records that have an author relationship with the author ID the same as the actor ID
# ie. records authored by the actor
authorize_if expr(author.id == ^actor(:id))

Using `exists`

A common mistake when using related data in filters is to be too restrictive. Imagine a scenario where you have an action like this:

read :friends_of_ted do
  filter expr(friends.first_name == "ted")
end

If this was in a User resource, it would return users that have a friend with the first name "ted". So far so good. Then someone calls it like so:

Resource
|> Ash.Query.for_read(:friends_of_ted)
|> Ash.Query.filter(friends.last_name == "dansen")

The resulting filter is friends.first_name == "ted" and friends.last_name == "dansen"- this means that you'll get users that have a friend with the full name "ted dansen". That might be what you meant, but more likely you would want "users that have a friend with the first name "ted", that also have a friend with the last name 'dansen'".

To accomplish that, we can use the exists helper and rework the example like so:

# There exists a friend with the first name "ted"
read :friends_of_ted do
  filter expr(exists(friends, first_name == "ted"))
end

# And there also exists a friend with the last name "dansen"
# They may be the same friend if the user is friends with Ted Dansen!
Resource
|> Ash.Query.for_read(:friends_of_ted)
|> Ash.Query.filter(exists(friends, last_name == "dansen"))

In policies (and often any time you mean "a related thing exists where some condition is true"), it is advised to use exists/2 when referring to relationships because of the way that the policy authorizer may mix & match your policies when building filters. This is also true when adding filters to actions. If you use exists, then your policies can be used in filters without excluding unnecessary data.

Field Policies

Field policies allow you to authorize access to specific fields via policies scoped to fields.

For example:

field_policies do
  field_policy :role do
    authorize_if actor_attribute_equals(:role, :supervisor)
  end
end

If any field policies exist then all fields must be authorized by a field policy. If you want a "deny-list" style, then you can add policies for specific fields. and add a catch-all policy using the special field name :*. All policies that apply to a field must be authorized.

The only exception to the above behavior is primary keys, which can always be read by everyone.

Additionally, keep in mind that adding Ash.Policy.Authorizer will require that all actions pass policies. If you want to just add field policies, you will need to add a policy that allows all access explicitly, i.e

policies do
  policy always() do
    authorize_if always()
  end
end

Using Expressions In Field Policies

Unlike in regular policies, expressions in field policies cannot refer to related entities currently (except when using exists). Instead, you will need to create aggregates or expression calculations that return the results you want to reference.

In results, forbidden fields will be replaced with a special value: %Ash.ForbiddenField{}.

When these fields are referred to in filters, they will be replaced with an expression that evaluates to nil. To support this behavior, only simple and filter checks are allowed in field policies.

Handling private fields in internal functions

When calling internal functions like Ash.read!/1, private fields will by default always be shown. Even if field policies apply to the resource. You can change the default behaviour by setting the private_fields option on field policies.

field_policies do
  private_fields :include
end

The different options are:

:show will always show private fields
:hide will always hide private fields
:include will let you to write field policies for private fields and private fields will be shown or hidden depending on the outcome of the policy

If you want to overwrite the default option that is :show, you can do that by setting a global flag:

config :ash, :policies, private_fields: :include

Debugging and Logging

Policy Breakdowns

Policy breakdowns can be fetched on demand for a given forbidden error (either an Ash.Error.Forbidden that contains one ore more Ash.Error.Forbidden.Policy errors, or an Ash.Error.Forbidden.Policy error itself), via Ash.Error.Forbidden.Policy.report/2.

Additionally, you can request that they be provided in the error message for all raised forbidden errors (without the help text), by setting

config :ash, :policies, show_policy_breakdowns?: true

Here is an example policy breakdown from tests.

Policy Breakdown
A check status of `?` implies that the solver did not need to determine that check.
Some checks may look like they failed when in reality there was no need to check them.
Look for policies with `✘` and `✓` in check statuses.

A check with a `⬇` means that it didn't determine if the policy was authorized or forbidden, and so moved on to the next check.
`🌟` and `⛔` mean that the check was responsible for producing an authorized or forbidden (respectively) status.

If no check results in a status (they all have `⬇`) then the policy is assumed to have failed. In some cases, however, the policy
may have just been ignored, as described above.

  Admins and managers can create posts | ⛔:
    authorize if: actor.admin == true | ✘ | ⬇
    authorize if: actor.manager == true | ✘ | ⬇

To remove the help text, you can pass the help_text?: false option, which would leave you with:

Policy Breakdown
  Admins and managers can create posts | ⛔:
    authorize if: actor.admin == true | ✘ | ⬇
    authorize if: actor.manager == true | ✘ | ⬇

Including in error messages

IMPORTANT WARNING: The following configuration should only ever be used in development mode!

For security reasons, authorization errors don't include any extra information, aside from forbidden. To have authorization errors include a policy breakdown (without help text) use the following config.

config :ash, :policies, show_policy_breakdowns?: true

Logging

It is generally safe to log authorization error details, even in production. This can be very helpful when investigating certain classes of issue.

To have Ash automatically log each authorization failure, use

config :ash, :policies, log_policy_breakdowns: :error # Use whatever log level you'd like to use here

To have Ash log all policy breakdowns, even successful ones (this will be lots of noise, and should only be used for dev testing)

config :ash, :policies, log_successful_policy_breakdowns: :error # Use whatever log level you'd like to use here

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