Ecto v2.0.0-beta.2 Ecto.Query.API
This module lists all functions allowed in the query API.
- Comparison operators:
==
,!=
,<=
,>=
,<
,>
- Boolean operators:
and
,or
,not
- Inclusion operator:
in/2
- Search functions:
like/2
andilike/2
- Null check functions:
is_nil/1
- Aggregates:
count/1
,avg/1
,sum/1
,min/1
,max/1
- Date/time intervals:
datetime_add/3
,date_add/3
,from_now/2
,ago/2
- General:
fragment/1
,field/2
,type/2
andtake/2
Note the functions in this module exist for documentation
purposes and one should never need to invoke them directly.
Furthermore, it is possible to define your own macros and
use them in Ecto queries (see docs for fragment/1
).
Summary
Functions
Binary !=
operation
Binary <
operation
Binary <=
operation
Binary ==
operation
Binary >
operation
Binary >=
operation
Substracts the given interval from the current time in UTC
Binary and
operation
Calculates the average for the given entry
Counts the given entry
Counts the distinct values in given entry
Adds a given interval to a date
Adds a given interval to a datetime
Allows a field to be dynamically accessed
Send fragments directly to the database
Adds the given interval to the current time in UTC
Searches for search
in string
in a case insensitive fashion
Checks if the left-value is included in the right one
Checks if the given value is nil
Searches for search
in string
Calculates the maximum for the given entry
Calculates the minimum for the given entry
Unary not
operation
Binary or
operation
Calculates the sum for the given entry
Used in select
to specify which fields should be returned
Casts the given value to the given type
Functions
Substracts the given interval from the current time in UTC.
The current time in UTC is retrieved from Elixir and not from the database.
Examples
from p in Post, where: p.published_at > ago(3, "months")
Counts the distinct values in given entry.
from p in Post, select: count(p.id, :distinct)
Adds a given interval to a date.
See datetime_add/3
for more information.
Adds a given interval to a datetime.
The first argument is a datetime
, the second one is the count
for the interval, which may be either positive or negative and
the interval value:
# Get all items published since the last month
from p in Post, where: p.published_at >
datetime_add(^Ecto.DateTime.utc, -1, "month")
In the example above, we used datetime_add/3
to subtract one month
from the current datetime and compared it with the p.published_at
.
If you want to perform operations on date, date_add/3
could be used.
The following intervals are supported: year, month, week, day, hour, minute, second, millisecond and microsecond.
Allows a field to be dynamically accessed.
def at_least_four(doors_or_tires) do
from c in Car,
where: field(c, ^doors_or_tires) >= 4
end
In the example above, both at_least_four(:doors)
and at_least_four(:tires)
would be valid calls as the field is dynamically generated.
Send fragments directly to the database.
It is not possible to represent all possible database queries using Ecto’s query syntax. When such is required, it is possible to use fragments to send any expression to the database:
def unpublished_by_title(title) do
from p in Post,
where: is_nil(p.published_at) and
fragment("downcase(?)", p.title) == ^title
end
In the example above, we are using the downcase procedure in the database to downcase the title column.
It is very important to keep in mind that Ecto is unable to do any
type casting described above when fragments are used. You can
however use the type/2
function to give Ecto some hints:
fragment("downcase(?)", p.title) == type(^title, :string)
Or even say the right side is of the same type as p.title
:
fragment("downcase(?)", p.title) == type(^title, p.title)
It is possible to make use of PostgreSQL’s JSON/JSONB data type with fragments, as well:
fragment("?->>? ILIKE ?", p.map, "key_name", ^some_value)
Keyword fragments
In order to support databases that do not have string-based queries, like MongoDB, fragments also allow keywords to be given:
from p in Post,
where: fragment(title: ["$eq": ^some_value])
Defining custom functions using macros and fragment
You can add a custom Ecto query function using macros. For example to expose SQL’s coalesce function you can define this macro:
defmodule CustomFunctions do
defmacro coalesce(left, right) do
quote do
fragment("coalesce(?, ?)", unquote(left), unquote(right))
end
end
end
To have coalesce/2 available, just import the module that defines it.
import CustomFunctions
The only downside is that it will show up as a fragment when inspecting the Elixir query. Other than that, it should be equivalent to a built-in Ecto query function.
Adds the given interval to the current time in UTC.
The current time in UTC is retrieved from Elixir and not from the database.
Examples
from a in Account, where: p.expires_at < from_now(3, "months")
Searches for search
in string
in a case insensitive fashion.
Translates to the underlying SQL ILIKE query.
from p in Post, where: ilike(p.body, "Chapter%")
Checks if the left-value is included in the right one.
from p in Post, where: p.id in [1, 2, 3]
The right side may either be a list, a literal list or even a column in the database with array type:
from p in Post, where: "elixir" in p.tags
Searches for search
in string
.
Translates to the underlying SQL LIKE query.
from p in Post, where: like(p.body, "Chapter%")
Used in select
to specify which fields should be returned.
For example, if you don’t need all fields to be returned
as part of a struct, you can filter it to include only certain
fields by using take/2
:
from p in Post,
select: take(p, [:title, :body])
take/2
can also be used to dynamically select fields:
fields = [:title, :body]
from p in Post, select: take(p, ^fields)
As a convenience, select
allows developers to take fields
without an explicit call to take/2
:
from p in Post, select: [:title, :body]
Or even dynamically:
fields = [:title, :body]
from p in Post, select: ^fields
However, take/2
is still useful when you want to limit
the fields of different structs:
from(city in City, join: country in assoc(city, :country),
select: {take(city, [:name]), take(country, [:population])}
For preloads, the taken fields may be specified from the parent:
from(city in City, preload: :country,
select: take(city, [:name, country: :population]))
Casts the given value to the given type.
Most of the times, Ecto is able to proper cast interpolated
values due to its type checking mechanism. In some situations
though, in particular when using fragments with fragment/1
,
you may want to tell Ecto you are expecting a particular type:
fragment("downcase(?)", p.title) == type(^title, :string)
It is also possible to say the type must match the same of a column:
fragment("downcase(?)", p.title) == type(^title, p.title)