Ecto v2.0.5 Ecto.Changeset

Changesets allow filtering, casting, validation and definition of constraints when manipulating structs.

There is an example of working with changesets in the introductory documentation in the Ecto module. The functions change/2 and cast/3 are the usual entry points for creating changesets, while the remaining functions are useful for manipulating them.

Validations and constraints

Ecto changesets provide both validations and constraints which are ultimately turned into errors in case something goes wrong.

The difference between them is that validations can be executed without a need to interact with the database and, therefore, are always executed before attempting to insert or update the entry in the database.

However, constraints can only be checked in a safe way when performing the operation in the database. As a consequence, validations are always checked before constraints. Constraints won’t even be checked in case validations failed.

Let’s see an example:

defmodule User do
  use Ecto.Schema
  import Ecto.Changeset

  schema "users" do
    field :name
    field :email
    field :age, :integer
  end

  def changeset(user, params \\ %{}) do
    user
    |> cast(params, [:name, :email, :age])
    |> validate_required([:name, :email])
    |> validate_format(:email, ~r/@/)
    |> validate_inclusion(:age, 18..100)
    |> unique_constraint(:email)
  end
end

In the changeset/2 function above, we define three validations - one after another they check that name and email fields are present in the changeset, the e-mail is of the specified format, and the age is between 18 and 100 - as well as a unique constraint in the email field.

Let’s suppose the e-mail is given but the age is invalid. The changeset would have the following errors:

changeset = User.changeset(%User{}, %{age: 0, email: "mary@example.com"})
{:error, changeset} = Repo.insert(changeset)
changeset.errors #=> [age: {"is invalid", []}, name: {"can't be blank", []}]

In this case, we haven’t checked the unique constraint in the e-mail field because the data did not validate. Let’s fix the age and assume, however, that the e-mail already exists in the database:

changeset = User.changeset(%User{}, %{age: 42, email: "mary@example.com"})
{:error, changeset} = Repo.insert(changeset)
changeset.errors #=> [email: {"has already been taken", []}]

Validations and constraints define an explicit boundary when the check happens. By moving constraints to the database, we also provide a safe, correct and data-race free means of checking the user input.

Empty values

Many times, the data given on cast needs to be further pruned, specially regarding empty values. For example, if you are gathering data to be cast from the command line or through an HTML form or any other text-based format, it is likely those means cannot express nil values. For those reasons, changesets include the concept of empty values, which are values that will be automatically converted to nil on cast/3. Those values are stored in the changeset empty_values field and default to [""].

The Ecto.Changeset struct

The fields are:

  • valid? - Stores if the changeset is valid
  • data - The changeset source data, for example, a struct
  • params - The parameters as given on changeset creation
  • changes - The changes from parameters that were approved in casting
  • errors - All errors from validations
  • validations - All validations performed in the changeset
  • constraints - All constraints defined in the changeset
  • required - All required fields as a list of atoms
  • filters - Filters (as a map %{field => value}) to narrow the scope of update/delete queries
  • action - The action to be performed with the changeset
  • types - Cache of the data’s field types
  • repo - The repository applying the changeset (only set after a Repo function is called)
  • opts - The options given to the repository
  • empty_values - A list of values to be considered empty

On replace

Using changesets you can work with associations as well as with embedded structs. Sometimes related data may be replaced by incoming data and by default Ecto won’t allow such. Such behaviour can be changed when defining the relation by setting :on_replace option according to the values below:

  • :raise (default) - do not allow removing association or embedded data via parent changesets,
  • :mark_as_invalid - if attempting to remove the association or embedded data via parent changeset - an error will be added to the parent changeset, and it will be marked as invalid,
  • :nilify - sets owner reference column to nil (available only for associations),
  • :update - updates the association, available only for has_one and belongs_to. This option will update all the fields given to the changeset including the id for the association.
  • :delete - removes the association or related data from the database. This option has to be used carefully. You should consider adding a separate boolean virtual field to the changeset function that will allow you to manually mark it for deletion, as in the example below:

    defmodule Comment do
      use Ecto.Schema
      import Ecto.Changeset
    
      schema "comments" do
        field :body, :string
        field :delete, :boolean, virtual: true
      end
    
      def changeset(comment, params) do
        cast(comment, params, [:body, :delete])
        |> maybe_mark_for_deletion
      end
    
      defp maybe_mark_for_deletion(changeset) do
        if get_change(changeset, :delete) do
          %{changeset | action: :delete}
        else
          changeset
        end
      end
    end

Summary

Functions

Adds an error to the changeset

Applies the changeset changes to the changeset data

Checks the associated field exists

Applies the given params as changes for the given data according to the given set of keys. Returns a changeset

WARNING: This function is deprecated in favor of cast/3 + validate_required/3

Casts the given association

Wraps the given data in a changeset or adds changes to a changeset

Checks for a check constraint in the given field

Deletes a change with the given key

Checks for an exclusion constraint in the given field

Fetches a change from the given changeset

Fetches the given field from changes or from the data

Forces a change on the given key with value

Checks for foreign key constraint in the given field

Gets a change or returns a default value

Gets a field from changes or from the data

Merges two changesets

Checks the associated field does not exist

Applies optimistic locking to the changeset

Provides a function to run before emitting changes to the repository

Puts the given association as a change in the changeset

Puts a change on the given key with value

Puts the given embed as a change in the changeset

Traverses changeset errors and applies the given function to error messages

Checks for a unique constraint in the given field

Validates the given parameter was given as true

Validates the given field change

Stores the validation metadata and validates the given field change

Validates that the given field matches the confirmation parameter of that field

Validates a change is not included in the given enumerable

Validates a change has the given format

Validates a change is included in the given enumerable

Validates a change is a string or list of the given length

Validates the properties of a number

Validates that one or more fields are present in the changeset

Validates a change, of type enum, is a subset of the given enumerable. Like validate_inclusion/4 for lists

Types

action :: nil | :insert | :update | :delete | :replace
constraint :: %{type: :unique, constraint: String.t, match: :exact | :suffix, field: atom, message: error}
data :: map
t :: %Ecto.Changeset{action: action, changes: %{optional(atom) => term}, constraints: [constraint], data: Ecto.Schema.t | nil, empty_values: term, errors: [{atom, error}], filters: %{optional(atom) => term}, params: %{optional(String.t) => term} | nil, prepare: [(t -> t)], repo: atom | nil, required: [atom], types: nil | %{optional(atom) => Ecto.Type.t}, valid?: boolean, validations: Keyword.t}
types :: Keyword.t | map

Functions

add_error(changeset, key, message, keys \\ [])

Specs

add_error(t, atom, String.t, Keyword.t) :: t

Adds an error to the changeset.

An additional keyword list keys can be passed to provide additional contextual information for the error. This is useful when using traverse_errors

Examples

iex> changeset = change(%Post{}, %{title: ""})
iex> changeset = add_error(changeset, :title, "empty")
iex> changeset.errors
[title: {"empty", []}]
iex> changeset.valid?
false

iex> changeset = change(%Post{}, %{title: ""})
iex> changeset = add_error(changeset, :title, "empty", additional: "info")
iex> changeset.errors
[title: {"empty", [additional: "info"]}]
iex> changeset.valid?
false
apply_changes(changeset)

Specs

apply_changes(t) :: Ecto.Schema.t

Applies the changeset changes to the changeset data.

This operation will return the underlying data with changes regardless if the changeset is valid or not.

Examples

apply_changes(changeset)
assoc_constraint(changeset, assoc, opts \\ [])

Specs

assoc_constraint(t, atom, Keyword.t) ::
  t |
  no_return

Checks the associated field exists.

This is similar to foreign_key_constraint/3 except that the field is inferred from the association definition. This is useful to guarantee that a child will only be created if the parent exists in the database too. Therefore, it only applies to belongs_to associations.

As the name says, a constraint is required in the database for this function to work. Such constraint is often added as a reference to the child table:

create table(:comments) do
  add :post_id, references(:posts)
end

Now, when inserting a comment, it is possible to forbid any comment to be added if the associated post does not exist:

comment
|> Ecto.Changeset.cast(params, [:post_id])
|> Ecto.Changeset.assoc_constraint(:post)
|> Repo.insert

Options

  • :message - the message in case the constraint check fails, defaults to “does not exist”
  • :name - the constraint name. By default, the constraint name is inferred from the table + association field. May be required explicitly for complex cases
cast(data, params, allowed)

Specs

cast(Ecto.Schema.t | t | {data, types}, %{optional(binary) => term} | %{optional(atom) => term} | :invalid, [String.t | atom]) ::
  t |
  no_return

Applies the given params as changes for the given data according to the given set of keys. Returns a changeset.

The given data may be either a changeset, a struct or a {data, types} tuple. The second argument is a map of params that are cast according to the type information from data. params is a map with string keys or a map with atom keys containing potentially unsafe data.

During casting, all allowed parameters will have their key name converted to an atom and stored as a change in the :changes field of the changeset. All parameters that are not explicitly allowed are ignored.

If casting of all fields is successful, the changeset is returned as valid.

Examples

iex> changeset = cast(post, params, [:title])
iex> if changeset.valid? do
...>   Repo.update!(changeset)
...> end

Passing a changeset as the first argument:

iex> changeset = cast(post, %{title: "Hello"}, [:title])
iex> new_changeset = cast(changeset, %{title: "Foo", body: "Bar"}, [:body])
iex> new_changeset.params
%{"title" => "Foo", "body" => "Bar"}

Or creating a changeset from a simple map with types:

iex> data = %{title: "hello"}
iex> types = %{title: :string}
iex> changeset = cast({data, types}, %{title: "world"}, [:title])
iex> apply_changes(changeset)
%{title: "world"}

Composing casts

cast/3 also accepts a changeset as its first argument. In such cases, all the effects caused by the call to cast/3 (additional errors and changes) are simply added to the ones already present in the argument changeset. Parameters are merged (not deep-merged) and the ones passed to cast/3 take precedence over the ones already in the changeset.

cast(data, params, required, optional)

WARNING: This function is deprecated in favor of cast/3 + validate_required/3.

Converts the given params into a changeset for data keeping only the set of required and optional keys.

cast_assoc(changeset, name, opts \\ [])

Casts the given association.

The parameters for the given association will be retrieved from changeset.params and the changeset function in the association module will be invoked. The function to be invoked may also be configured by using the :with option.

The changeset must have been previously cast using cast/3 before this function is invoked.

Options

  • :with - the function to build the changeset from params. Defaults to the changeset/2 function in the association module
  • :required - if the association is a required field
  • :required_message - the message on failure, defaults to “can’t be blank”
  • :invalid_message - the message on failure, defaults to “is invalid”
cast_embed(changeset, name, opts \\ [])

Casts the given embed.

The parameters for the given embed will be retrieved from changeset.params and the changeset function in the embed module will be invoked. The function to be invoked may also be configured by using the :with option.

The changeset must have been previously cast using cast/3 before this function is invoked.

Options

  • :with - the function to build the changeset from params. Defaults to the changeset/2 function in the embed module
  • :required - if the embed is a required field
  • :required_message - the message on failure, defaults to “can’t be blank”
  • :invalid_message - the message on failure, defaults to “is invalid”
change(data, changes \\ %{})

Specs

change(Ecto.Schema.t | t | {data, types}, %{optional(atom) => term} | Keyword.t) ::
  t |
  no_return

Wraps the given data in a changeset or adds changes to a changeset.

Changed attributes will only be added if the change does not have the same value as the field in the data.

This function is useful for:

  • wrapping a struct inside a changeset
  • directly changing a struct without performing castings nor validations
  • directly bulk-adding changes to a changeset

Since neither validation nor casting is performed, change/2 expects the keys in changes to be atoms. changes can be a map as well as a keyword list.

When a changeset is passed as the first argument, the changes passed as the second argument are merged over the changes already in the changeset if they differ from the values in the struct. If changes is an empty map, this function is a no-op.

When a {data, types} is passed as the first argument, a changeset is created with the given data and types and marked as valid.

See cast/3 if you’d prefer to cast and validate external parameters.

Examples

iex> changeset = change(%Post{})
%Ecto.Changeset{...}
iex> changeset.valid?
true
iex> changeset.changes
%{}

iex> changeset = change(%Post{author: "bar"}, title: "title")
iex> changeset.changes
%{title: "title"}

iex> changeset = change(%Post{title: "title"}, title: "title")
iex> changeset.changes
%{}

iex> changeset = change(changeset, %{title: "new title", body: "body"})
iex> changeset.changes.title
"new title"
iex> changeset.changes.body
"body"
check_constraint(changeset, field, opts \\ [])

Checks for a check constraint in the given field.

The check constraint works by relying on the database to check if the check constraint has been violated or not and, if so, Ecto converts it into a changeset error.

Options

  • :message - the message in case the constraint check fails. Defaults to “is invalid”
  • :name - the name of the constraint. Required.
  • :match - how the changeset constraint name it matched against the repo constraint, may be :exact or :suffix. Defaults to :exact. :suffix matches any repo constraint which ends_with? :name to this changeset constraint.
delete_change(changeset, key)

Specs

delete_change(t, atom) :: t

Deletes a change with the given key.

Examples

iex> changeset = change(%Post{}, %{title: "foo"})
iex> changeset = delete_change(changeset, :title)
iex> get_change(changeset, :title)
nil
exclusion_constraint(changeset, field, opts \\ [])

Checks for an exclusion constraint in the given field.

The exclusion constraint works by relying on the database to check if the exclusion constraint has been violated or not and, if so, Ecto converts it into a changeset error.

Options

  • :message - the message in case the constraint check fails, defaults to “violates an exclusion constraint”
  • :name - the constraint name. By default, the constraint name is inferred from the table + field. May be required explicitly for complex cases
  • :match - how the changeset constraint name it matched against the repo constraint, may be :exact or :suffix. Defaults to :exact. :suffix matches any repo constraint which ends_with? :name to this changeset constraint.
fetch_change(changeset, key)

Specs

fetch_change(t, atom) :: {:ok, term} | :error

Fetches a change from the given changeset.

This function only looks at the :changes field of the given changeset and returns {:ok, value} if the change is present or :error if it’s not.

Examples

iex> changeset = change(%Post{body: "foo"}, %{title: "bar"})
iex> fetch_change(changeset, :title)
{:ok, "bar"}
iex> fetch_change(changeset, :body)
:error
fetch_field(changeset, key)

Specs

fetch_field(t, atom) ::
  {:changes, term} |
  {:data, term} |
  :error

Fetches the given field from changes or from the data.

While fetch_change/2 only looks at the current changes to retrieve a value, this function looks at the changes and then falls back on the data, finally returning :error if no value is available.

For relations, these functions will return the changeset original data with changes applied. To retrieve raw changesets, please use fetch_change/2.

Examples

iex> post = %Post{title: "Foo", body: "Bar baz bong"}
iex> changeset = change(post, %{title: "New title"})
iex> fetch_field(changeset, :title)
{:changes, "New title"}
iex> fetch_field(changeset, :body)
{:data, "Bar baz bong"}
iex> fetch_field(changeset, :not_a_field)
:error
force_change(changeset, key, value)

Specs

force_change(t, atom, term) :: t | no_return

Forces a change on the given key with value.

If the change is already present, it is overridden with the new value.

Examples

iex> changeset = change(%Post{author: "bar"}, %{title: "foo"})
iex> changeset = force_change(changeset, :title, "bar")
iex> changeset.changes
%{title: "bar"}

iex> changeset = force_change(changeset, :author, "bar")
iex> changeset.changes
%{title: "bar", author: "bar"}
foreign_key_constraint(changeset, field, opts \\ [])

Specs

foreign_key_constraint(t, atom, Keyword.t) :: t

Checks for foreign key constraint in the given field.

The foreign key constraint works by relying on the database to check if the associated data exists or not. This is useful to guarantee that a child will only be created if the parent exists in the database too.

In order to use the foreign key constraint the first step is to define the foreign key in a migration. This is often done with references. For example, imagine you are creating a comments table that belongs to posts. One would have:

create table(:comments) do
  add :post_id, references(:posts)
end

By default, Ecto will generate a foreign key constraint with name “comments_post_id_fkey” (the name is configurable).

Now that a constraint exists, when creating comments, we could annotate the changeset with foreign key constraint so Ecto knows how to convert it into an error message:

cast(comment, params, [:post_id])
|> foreign_key_constraint(:post_id)

Now, when invoking Repo.insert/2 or Repo.update/2, if the associated post does not exist, it will be converted into an error and {:error, changeset} returned by the repository.

Options

  • :message - the message in case the constraint check fails, defaults to “does not exist”
  • :name - the constraint name. By default, the constraint name is inferred from the table + field. May be required explicitly for complex cases
get_change(changeset, key, default \\ nil)

Specs

get_change(t, atom, term) :: term

Gets a change or returns a default value.

Examples

iex> changeset = change(%Post{body: "foo"}, %{title: "bar"})
iex> get_change(changeset, :title)
"bar"
iex> get_change(changeset, :body)
nil
get_field(changeset, key, default \\ nil)

Specs

get_field(t, atom, term) :: term

Gets a field from changes or from the data.

While get_change/3 only looks at the current changes to retrieve a value, this function looks at the changes and then falls back on the data, finally returning default if no value is available.

For relations, these functions will return the changeset data with changes applied. To retrieve raw changesets, please use get_change/3.

iex> post = %Post{title: "A title", body: "My body is a cage"}
iex> changeset = change(post, %{title: "A new title"})
iex> get_field(changeset, :title)
"A new title"
iex> get_field(changeset, :not_a_field, "Told you, not a field!")
"Told you, not a field!"
merge(changeset1, changeset2)

Specs

merge(t, t) :: t | no_return

Merges two changesets.

This function merges two changesets provided they have been applied to the same data (their :data field is equal); if the data differs, an ArgumentError exception is raised. If one of the changesets has a :repo field which is not nil, then the value of that field is used as the :repo field of the resulting changeset; if both changesets have a non-nil and different :repo field, an ArgumentError exception is raised.

The other fields are merged with the following criteria:

  • params - params are merged (not deep-merged) giving precedence to the params of changeset2 in case of a conflict. If both changesets have their :params fields set to nil, the resulting changeset will have its params set to nil too.
  • changes - changes are merged giving precedence to the changeset2 changes.
  • errors and validations - they are simply concatenated.
  • required - required fields are merged; all the fields that appear in the required list of both changesets are moved to the required list of the resulting changeset.

Examples

iex> changeset1 = cast(%Post{}, %{title: "Title"}, [:title])
iex> changeset2 = cast(%Post{}, %{title: "New title", body: "Body"}, [:title, :body])
iex> changeset = merge(changeset1, changeset2)
iex> changeset.changes
%{body: "Body", title: "New title"}

iex> changeset1 = cast(%Post{body: "Body"}, %{title: "Title"}, [:title])
iex> changeset2 = cast(%Post{}, %{title: "New title"}, [:title])
iex> merge(changeset1, changeset2)
** (ArgumentError) different :data when merging changesets
no_assoc_constraint(changeset, assoc, opts \\ [])

Specs

no_assoc_constraint(t, atom, Keyword.t) ::
  t |
  no_return

Checks the associated field does not exist.

This is similar to foreign_key_constraint/3 except that the field is inferred from the association definition. This is useful to guarantee that parent can only be deleted (or have its primary key changed) if no child exists in the database. Therefore, it only applies to has_* associations.

As the name says, a constraint is required in the database for this function to work. Such constraint is often added as a reference to the child table:

create table(:comments) do
  add :post_id, references(:posts)
end

Now, when deleting the post, it is possible to forbid any post to be deleted if they still have comments attached to it:

post
|> Ecto.Changeset.change
|> Ecto.Changeset.no_assoc_constraint(:comments)
|> Repo.delete

Options

  • :message - the message in case the constraint check fails, defaults to “is still associated to this entry” (for has_one) and “are still associated to this entry” (for has_many)
  • :name - the constraint name. By default, the constraint name is inferred from the association table + association field. May be required explicitly for complex cases
optimistic_lock(data_or_changeset, field, incrementer \\ &(&1 + 1))

Specs

optimistic_lock(Ecto.Schema.t | t, atom, (integer -> integer)) ::
  t |
  no_return

Applies optimistic locking to the changeset.

Optimistic locking (or optimistic concurrency control) is a technique that allows concurrent edits on a single record. While pessimistic locking works by locking a resource for an entire transaction, optimistic locking only checks if the resource changed before updating it.

This is done by regularly fetching the record from the database, then checking whether another user has made changes to the record only when updating the record. This behaviour is ideal in situations where the chances of concurrent updates to the same record are low; if they’re not, pessimistic locking or other concurrency patterns may be more suited.

Usage

Optimistic locking works by keeping a “version” counter for each record; this counter gets incremented each time a modification is made to a record. Hence, in order to use optimistic locking, a field must exist in your schema for versioning purpose. Such field is usually an integer but other types are supported.

Examples

Assuming we have a Post schema (stored in the posts table), the first step is to add a version column to the posts table:

alter table(:posts) do
  add :lock_version, :integer, default: 1
end

The column name is arbitrary and doesn’t need to be :lock_version. Now add a field to the schema too:

defmodule Post do
  use Ecto.Schema

  schema "posts" do
    field :title, :string
    field :lock_version, :integer, default: 1
  end

  def changeset(:update, struct, params \\ %{}) do
    struct
    |> Ecto.Changeset.cast(params, [:title])
    |> Ecto.Changeset.optimistic_lock(:lock_version)
  end
end

Now let’s take optimistic locking for a spin:

iex> post = Repo.insert!(%Post{title: "foo"})
%Post{id: 1, title: "foo", lock_version: 1}
iex> valid_change = Post.changeset(:update, post, %{title: "bar"})
iex> stale_change = Post.changeset(:update, post, %{title: "baz"})
iex> Repo.update!(valid_change)
%Post{id: 1, title: "bar", lock_version: 2}
iex> Repo.update!(stale_change)
** (Ecto.StaleEntryError) attempted to update a stale entry:

%Post{id: 1, title: "baz", lock_version: 1}

When a conflict happens (a record which has been previously fetched is being updated, but that same record has been modified since it was fetched), an Ecto.StaleEntryError exception is raised.

Optimistic locking also works with delete operations. Just call the optimistic_lock function with the data before delete:

iex> changeset = Ecto.Changeset.optimistic_lock(post, :lock_version)
iex> Repo.delete(changeset)

optimistic_lock/3 by default assumes the field being used as a lock is an integer. If you want to use another type, you need to pass the third argument customizing how the next value is generated:

iex> Ecto.Changeset.optimistic_lock(post, :lock_uuid, fn _ -> Ecto.UUID.generate end)
prepare_changes(changeset, function)

Specs

prepare_changes(t, (t -> t)) :: t

Provides a function to run before emitting changes to the repository.

Such function receives the changeset and must return a changeset, allowing developers to do final adjustments to the changeset or to issue data consistency commands.

The given function is guaranteed to run inside the same transaction as the changeset operation for databases that do support transactions.

Example

A common use case is updating a counter cache, in this case updating a post’s comment count when a comment is created:

def create_comment(comment, params) do
  comment
  |> cast(params, [:body, :post_id])
  |> prepare_changes(fn changeset ->
    assoc(changeset.data, :post)
    |> changeset.repo.update_all(inc: [comment_count: 1])
    changeset
  end)
end

We retrieve the repo and from the comment changeset itself, and use update_all to update the counter cache in one query. Finally, the original changeset must be returned.

put_assoc(changeset, name, value, opts \\ [])

Puts the given association as a change in the changeset.

The given value may either be the association struct, a changeset for the given association or a map or keyword list of changes to be applied to the current association. If a map or keyword list are given and there is no association, one will be created.

If the association has no changes, it will be skipped. If the association is invalid, the changeset will be marked as invalid. If the given value is not an association, it will raise.

put_change(changeset, key, value)

Specs

put_change(t, atom, term) :: t | no_return

Puts a change on the given key with value.

If the change is already present, it is overridden with the new value, also, if the change has the same value as in the changeset data, it is not added to the list of changes.

Examples

iex> changeset = change(%Post{author: "bar"}, %{title: "foo"})
iex> changeset = put_change(changeset, :title, "bar")
iex> changeset.changes
%{title: "bar"}

iex> changeset = put_change(changeset, :author, "bar")
iex> changeset.changes
%{title: "bar"}
put_embed(changeset, name, value, opts \\ [])

Puts the given embed as a change in the changeset.

The given value may either be the embed struct, a changeset for the given embed or a map or keyword list of changes to be applied to the current embed. If a map or keyword list are given and there is no embed, one will be created.

If the embed has no changes, it will be skipped. If the embed is invalid, the changeset will be marked as invalid. If the given value is not an embed, it will raise.

traverse_errors(changeset, msg_func)

Specs

traverse_errors(t, (error -> String.t)) :: %{optional(atom) => [String.t]}

Traverses changeset errors and applies the given function to error messages.

This function is particularly useful when associations and embeds are cast in the changeset as it will traverse all associations and embeds and place all errors in a series of nested maps.

A changeset is supplied along with a function to apply to each error message as the changeset is traversed. The error message function receives an error tuple {msg, opts}, for example:

{"should be at least %{count} characters", [count: 3]}

Examples

iex> traverse_errors(changeset, fn {msg, opts} ->
...>   Enum.reduce(opts, msg, fn {key, value}, acc ->
...>     String.replace(msg, "%{#{key}}", to_string(value))
...>   end)
...> end)
%{title: ["should be at least 3 characters"]}
unique_constraint(changeset, field, opts \\ [])

Specs

unique_constraint(t, atom, Keyword.t) :: t

Checks for a unique constraint in the given field.

The unique constraint works by relying on the database to check if the unique constraint has been violated or not and, if so, Ecto converts it into a changeset error.

In order to use the uniqueness constraint, the first step is to define the unique index in a migration:

create unique_index(:users, [:email])

Now that a constraint exists, when modifying users, we could annotate the changeset with unique constraint so Ecto knows how to convert it into an error message:

cast(user, params, [:email])
|> unique_constraint(:email)

Now, when invoking Repo.insert/2 or Repo.update/2, if the email already exists, it will be converted into an error and {:error, changeset} returned by the repository. Note that the error will occur only after hitting the database so it will not be visible until all other validations pass.

Options

  • :message - the message in case the constraint check fails, defaults to “has already been taken”
  • :name - the constraint name. By default, the constraint name is inferred from the table + field. May be required explicitly for complex cases
  • :match - how the changeset constraint name it matched against the repo constraint, may be :exact or :suffix. Defaults to :exact. :suffix matches any repo constraint which ends_with? :name to this changeset constraint.

Complex constraints

Because the constraint logic is in the database, we can leverage all the database functionality when defining them. For example, let’s suppose the e-mails are scoped by company id. We would write in a migration:

create unique_index(:users, [:email, :company_id])

Because such indexes have usually more complex names, we need to explicitly tell the changeset which constraint name to use:

cast(user, params, [:email])
|> unique_constraint(:email, name: :posts_special_email_index)

Alternatively, you can give both unique_index and unique_constraint the same name:

# In the migration
create unique_index(:users, [:email, :company_id], name: :posts_email_company_id_index)

# In the changeset function
cast(user, params, [:email])
|> unique_constraint(:email, name: :posts_email_company_id_index)

Case sensitivity

Unfortunately, different databases provide different guarantees when it comes to case-sensitiveness. For example, in MySQL, comparisons are case-insensitive by default. In Postgres, users can define case insensitive column by using the :citext type/extension.

If for some reason your database does not support case insensitive columns, you can explicitly downcase values before inserting/updating them:

cast(data, params, [:email])
|> update_change(:email, &String.downcase/1)
|> unique_constraint(:email)
update_change(changeset, key, function)

Specs

update_change(t, atom, (term -> term)) :: t

Updates a change.

The given function is invoked with the change value only if there is a change for the given key. Note that the value of the change can still be nil (unless the field was marked as required on cast/3.

Examples

iex> changeset = change(%Post{}, %{impressions: 1})
iex> changeset = update_change(changeset, :impressions, &(&1 + 1))
iex> changeset.changes.impressions
2
validate_acceptance(changeset, field, opts \\ [])

Specs

validate_acceptance(t, atom, Keyword.t) :: t

Validates the given parameter was given as true.

This validation is used to check for one specific parameter being true and as such does not require the field to effectively exist in the schema or the data being validated.

Options

  • :message - the message on failure, defaults to “must be accepted”

Examples

validate_acceptance(changeset, :terms_of_service)
validate_acceptance(changeset, :rules, message: "please accept rules")
validate_change(changeset, field, validator)

Specs

validate_change(t, atom, (atom, term -> [error])) :: t

Validates the given field change.

It invokes the validator function to perform the validation only if a change for the given field exists and the change value is not nil. The function must return a list of errors (with an empty list meaning no errors).

In case there’s at least one error, the list of errors will be appended to the :errors field of the changeset and the :valid? flag will be set to false.

Examples

iex> changeset = change(%Post{}, %{title: "foo"})
iex> changeset = validate_change changeset, :title, fn :title, title  ->
...>   # Value must not be "foo"!
...>   if title == "foo" do
...>     [title: "cannot be foo"]
...>   else
...>     []
...>   end
...> end
iex> changeset.errors
[title: {"cannot be foo", []}]
validate_change(changeset, field, metadata, validator)

Specs

validate_change(t, atom, term, (atom, term -> [error])) :: t

Stores the validation metadata and validates the given field change.

Similar to validate_change/3 but stores the validation metadata into the changeset validators. The validator metadata is often used as a reflection mechanism, to automatically generate code based on the available validations.

Examples

iex> changeset = change(%Post{}, %{title: "foo"})
iex> changeset = validate_change changeset, :title, :useless_validator, fn
...>   _, _ -> []
...> end
iex> changeset.validations
[title: :useless_validator]
validate_confirmation(changeset, field, opts \\ [])

Specs

validate_confirmation(t, atom, Keyword.t) :: t

Validates that the given field matches the confirmation parameter of that field.

By calling validate_confirmation(changeset, :email), this validation will check if both “email” and “email_confirmation” in the parameter map matches.

Note that if the confirmation field is nil or missing, by default this does not add a validation error. You can specify that the confirmation field is required in the options (see below). Note “email_confirmation” does not need to be added as a virtual field in your schema.

Options

  • :message - the message on failure, defaults to “does not match”
  • :required - boolean, sets whether existence of confirmation parameter is required for addition of error. Defaults to false

Examples

validate_confirmation(changeset, :email)
validate_confirmation(changeset, :password, message: "does not match password")

cast(data, params, [:password])
|> validate_confirmation(:password, message: "does not match password")
validate_exclusion(changeset, field, data, opts \\ [])

Specs

validate_exclusion(t, atom, Enum.t, Keyword.t) :: t

Validates a change is not included in the given enumerable.

Options

  • :message - the message on failure, defaults to “is reserved”

Examples

validate_exclusion(changeset, :name, ~w(admin superadmin))
validate_format(changeset, field, format, opts \\ [])

Specs

validate_format(t, atom, Regex.t, Keyword.t) :: t

Validates a change has the given format.

The format has to be expressed as a regular expression.

Options

  • :message - the message on failure, defaults to “has invalid format”

Examples

validate_format(changeset, :email, ~r/@/)
validate_inclusion(changeset, field, data, opts \\ [])

Specs

validate_inclusion(t, atom, Enum.t, Keyword.t) :: t

Validates a change is included in the given enumerable.

Options

  • :message - the message on failure, defaults to “is invalid”

Examples

validate_inclusion(changeset, :gender, ["man", "woman", "other", "prefer not to say"])
validate_inclusion(changeset, :age, 0..99)
validate_length(changeset, field, opts)

Specs

validate_length(t, atom, Keyword.t) :: t

Validates a change is a string or list of the given length.

Options

  • :is - the length must be exactly this value
  • :min - the length must be greater than or equal to this value
  • :max - the length must be less than or equal to this value
  • :message - the message on failure, depending on the validation, is one of:

    • for strings:
    • “should be %{count} character(s)”
    • “should be at least %{count} character(s)”
    • “should be at most %{count} character(s)”
    • for lists:
    • “should have %{count} item(s)”
    • “should have at least %{count} item(s)”
    • “should have at most %{count} item(s)”

Examples

validate_length(changeset, :title, min: 3)
validate_length(changeset, :title, max: 100)
validate_length(changeset, :title, min: 3, max: 100)
validate_length(changeset, :code, is: 9)
validate_length(changeset, :topics, is: 2)
validate_number(changeset, field, opts)

Specs

validate_number(t, atom, Keyword.t) ::
  t |
  no_return

Validates the properties of a number.

Options

  • :less_than
  • :greater_than
  • :less_than_or_equal_to
  • :greater_than_or_equal_to
  • :equal_to
  • :message - the message on failure, defaults to one of:

    • “must be less than %{count}”
    • “must be greater than %{count}”
    • “must be less than or equal to %{count}”
    • “must be greater than or equal to %{count}”
    • “must be equal to %{count}”

Examples

validate_number(changeset, :count, less_than: 3)
validate_number(changeset, :pi, greater_than: 3, less_than: 4)
validate_number(changeset, :the_answer_to_life_the_universe_and_everything, equal_to: 42)
validate_required(changeset, fields, opts \\ [])

Specs

validate_required(t, list | atom, Keyword.t) :: t

Validates that one or more fields are present in the changeset.

If the value of a field is nil or a string made only of whitespace, the changeset is marked as invalid and an error is added. Note the error won’t be added though if the field already has an error.

You can pass a single field name or a list of field names that are required.

Do not use this function to validate associations are required, instead pass the :required option to cast_assoc/3.

Options

  • :message - the message on failure, defaults to “can’t be blank”

Examples

validate_required(changeset, :title)
validate_required(changeset, [:title, :body])
validate_subset(changeset, field, data, opts \\ [])

Specs

validate_subset(t, atom, Enum.t, Keyword.t) :: t

Validates a change, of type enum, is a subset of the given enumerable. Like validate_inclusion/4 for lists.

Options

  • :message - the message on failure, defaults to “has an invalid entry”

Examples

validate_subset(changeset, :pets, ["cat", "dog", "parrot"])
validate_subset(changeset, :lottery_numbers, 0..99)