# `Port`
[🔗](https://github.com/elixir-lang/elixir/blob/v1.20.0-rc.3/lib/elixir/lib/port.ex#L5)

Functions for interacting with the external world through ports.

Ports provide a mechanism to start operating system processes external
to the Erlang VM and communicate with them via message passing.

## Example

    iex> port = Port.open({:spawn, "cat"}, [:binary])
    iex> send(port, {self(), {:command, "hello"}})
    iex> send(port, {self(), {:command, "world"}})
    iex> flush()
    {#Port<0.1444>, {:data, "hello"}}
    {#Port<0.1444>, {:data, "world"}}
    iex> send(port, {self(), :close})
    :ok
    iex> flush()
    {#Port<0.1444>, :closed}
    :ok

In the example above, we have created a new port that executes the
program `cat`. `cat` is a program available on Unix-like operating systems that
receives data from multiple inputs and concatenates them in the output.

After the port was created, we sent it two commands in the form of
messages using `send/2`. The first command has the binary payload
of "hello" and the second has "world".

After sending those two messages, we invoked the IEx helper `flush()`,
which printed all messages received from the port, in this case we got
"hello" and "world" back. Note that the messages are in binary because we
passed the `:binary` option when opening the port in `Port.open/2`. Without
such option, it would have yielded a list of bytes.

Once everything was done, we closed the port.

Elixir provides many conveniences for working with ports and some drawbacks.
We will explore those below.

## Message and function APIs

There are two APIs for working with ports. It can be either asynchronous via
message passing, as in the example above, or by calling the functions on this
module.

The messages supported by ports and their counterpart function APIs are
listed below:

  * `{pid, {:command, binary}}` - sends the given data to the port.
    See `command/3`.

  * `{pid, :close}` - closes the port. Unless the port is already closed,
    the port will reply with `{port, :closed}` message once it has flushed
    its buffers and effectively closed. See `close/1`.

  * `{pid, {:connect, new_pid}}` - sets the `new_pid` as the new owner of
    the port. Once a port is opened, the port is linked and connected to the
    caller process and communication to the port only happens through the
    connected process. This message makes `new_pid` the new connected processes.
    Unless the port is dead, the port will reply to the old owner with
    `{port, :connected}`. See `connect/2`.

On its turn, the port will send the connected process the following messages:

  * `{port, {:data, data}}` - data sent by the port
  * `{port, :closed}` - reply to the `{pid, :close}` message
  * `{port, :connected}` - reply to the `{pid, {:connect, new_pid}}` message
  * `{:EXIT, port, reason}` - exit signals in case the port crashes. If reason
    is not `:normal`, this message will only be received if the owner process
    is trapping exits

## Open mechanisms

The port can be opened through four main mechanisms.

As a short summary, prefer to use the `:spawn` and `:spawn_executable`
options mentioned below. The other two options, `:spawn_driver` and `:fd`
are for advanced usage within the VM. Also consider using `System.cmd/3`
if all you want is to execute a program and retrieve its return value.

> #### Windows argument splitting and untrusted arguments {: .warning}
>
> On Unix systems, arguments are passed to a new operating system
> process as an array of strings but on Windows it is up to the child
> process to parse them and some Windows programs may apply their own
> rules, which are inconsistent with the standard C runtime `argv` parsing
>
> This is particularly troublesome when invoking `.bat` or `.com` files
> as these run implicitly through `cmd.exe`, whose argument parsing is
> vulnerable to malicious input and can be used to run arbitrary shell
> commands.
>
> Therefore, if you are running on Windows and you execute batch
> files or `.com` applications, you must not pass untrusted input as
> arguments to the program. You may avoid accidentally executing them
> by explicitly passing the extension of the program you want to run,
> such as `.exe`, and double check the program is indeed not a batch
> file or `.com` application.
>
> This affects both `spawn` and `spawn_executable`.

### spawn

The `:spawn` tuple receives a binary that is going to be executed as a
full invocation. For example, we can use it to invoke "echo hello" directly:

    iex> port = Port.open({:spawn, "echo hello"}, [:binary])
    iex> flush()
    {#Port<0.1444>, {:data, "hello\n"}}

`:spawn` will retrieve the program name from the argument and traverse your
operating system `$PATH` environment variable looking for a matching program.

Although the above is handy, it means it is impossible to invoke an executable
that has whitespaces on its name or in any of its arguments. For those reasons,
most times it is preferable to execute `:spawn_executable`.

### spawn_executable

Spawn executable is a more restricted and explicit version of spawn. It expects
full file paths to the executable you want to execute. If they are in your `$PATH`,
they can be retrieved by calling `System.find_executable/1`:

    iex> path = System.find_executable("echo")
    iex> port = Port.open({:spawn_executable, path}, [:binary, args: ["hello world"]])
    iex> flush()
    {#Port<0.1380>, {:data, "hello world\n"}}

When using `:spawn_executable`, the list of arguments can be passed via
the `:args` option as done above. For the full list of options, see the
documentation for the Erlang function `:erlang.open_port/2`.

### fd

The `:fd` name option allows developers to access `in` and `out` file
descriptors used by the Erlang VM. You would use those only if you are
reimplementing core part of the Runtime System, such as the `:user` and
`:shell` processes.

## Orphan operating system processes

A port can be closed via the `close/1` function or by sending a `{pid, :close}`
message. However, if the VM crashes, a long-running program started by the port
will have its stdin and stdout channels closed but **it won't be automatically
terminated**.

While some Unix command line tools will exit once its parent process
terminates, not all command line applications will do so. You can easily check
this by starting the port and then shutting down the VM and inspecting your
operating system to see if the port process is still running.

We do not always have control over how third-party software terminates.
If necessary, one workaround is to wrap the child application in a script that
checks whether stdin has been closed.  Here is such a script that has been
verified to work on bash shells:

    #!/usr/bin/env bash

    # Start the program in the background
    exec "$@" &
    pid1=$!

    # Silence warnings from here on
    exec >/dev/null 2>&1

    # Read from stdin in the background and
    # kill running program when stdin closes
    exec 0<&0 $(
      while read; do :; done
      kill -KILL $pid1
    ) &
    pid2=$!

    # Clean up
    wait $pid1
    ret=$?
    kill -KILL $pid2
    exit $ret

Note the program above hijacks stdin, so you won't be able to communicate
with the underlying software via stdin (on the positive side, software that
reads from stdin typically terminates when stdin closes).

Now instead of:

    Port.open(
      {:spawn_executable, "/path/to/program"},
      args: ["a", "b", "c"]
    )

You may invoke:

    Port.open(
      {:spawn_executable, "/path/to/wrapper"},
      args: ["/path/to/program", "a", "b", "c"]
    )

# `name`

```elixir
@type name() ::
  {:spawn, charlist() | binary()}
  | {:spawn_driver, charlist() | binary()}
  | {:spawn_executable, :file.name_all()}
  | {:fd, non_neg_integer(), non_neg_integer()}
```

# `close`

```elixir
@spec close(port()) :: true
```

Closes the `port`.

For more information, see `:erlang.port_close/1`.

Inlined by the compiler.

# `command`

```elixir
@spec command(port(), iodata(), [:force | :nosuspend]) :: boolean()
```

Sends `data` to the port driver `port`.

For more information, see `:erlang.port_command/3`.

Inlined by the compiler.

# `connect`

```elixir
@spec connect(port(), pid()) :: true
```

Associates the `port` identifier with a `pid`.

For more information, see `:erlang.port_connect/2`.

Inlined by the compiler.

# `demonitor`
*since 1.6.0* 

```elixir
@spec demonitor(reference(), options :: [:flush | :info]) :: boolean()
```

Demonitors the monitor identified by the given `reference`.

If `monitor_ref` is a reference which the calling process
obtained by calling `monitor/1`, that monitoring is turned off.
If the monitoring is already turned off, nothing happens.

See `:erlang.demonitor/2` for more information.

Inlined by the compiler.

# `info`

```elixir
@spec info(port()) :: keyword() | nil
```

Returns information about the `port` (or `nil` if the port is closed).

For more information, see `:erlang.port_info/1`.

# `info`

```elixir
@spec info(port(), atom()) :: {atom(), term()} | nil
```

Returns information about a specific field within
the `port` (or `nil` if the port is closed).

For more information, see `:erlang.port_info/2`.

# `list`

```elixir
@spec list() :: [port()]
```

Returns a list of all ports in the current node.

Inlined by the compiler.

# `monitor`
*since 1.6.0* 

```elixir
@spec monitor(port() | {name, node()} | name) :: reference() when name: atom()
```

Starts monitoring the given `port` from the calling process.

Once the monitored port process dies, a message is delivered to the
monitoring process in the shape of:

    {:DOWN, ref, :port, object, reason}

where:

  * `ref` is a monitor reference returned by this function;
  * `object` is either the `port` being monitored (when monitoring by port ID)
  or `{name, node}` (when monitoring by a port name);
  * `reason` is the exit reason.

See `:erlang.monitor/2` for more information.

Inlined by the compiler.

# `open`

```elixir
@spec open(name(), list()) :: port()
```

Opens a port given a tuple `name` and a list of `options`.

The module documentation above contains documentation and examples
for the supported `name` values, summarized below:

  * `{:spawn, command}` - runs an external program. `command` must contain
    the program name and optionally a list of arguments separated by space.
    If passing programs or arguments with space in their name, use the next option.
  * `{:spawn_executable, filename}` - runs the executable given by the absolute
    file name `filename`. Arguments can be passed via the `:args` option.
  * `{:spawn_driver, command}` - spawns so-called port drivers.
  * `{:fd, fd_in, fd_out}` - accesses file descriptors, `fd_in` and `fd_out`
    opened by the VM.

For more information and the list of options, see `:erlang.open_port/2`.

Inlined by the compiler.

---

*Consult [api-reference.md](api-reference.md) for complete listing*