Settings View Source Bindings

Phoenix supports DOM element bindings for client-server interaction. For example, to react to a click on a button, you would render the element:

<button phx-click="inc_temperature">+</button>

Then on the server, all LiveView bindings are handled with the handle_event callback, for example:

def handle_event("inc_temperature", _value, socket) do
  {:ok, new_temp} = Thermostat.inc_temperature(socket.assigns.id)
  {:noreply, assign(socket, :temperature, new_temp)}
end

Binding	Attributes
Params	phx-value-*
Click Events	phx-click, phx-click-away
Form Events	phx-change, phx-submit, phx-feedback-for, phx-disable-with, phx-trigger-action, phx-auto-recover
Focus Events	phx-blur, phx-focus, phx-window-blur, phx-window-focus
Key Events	phx-keydown, phx-keyup, phx-window-keydown, phx-window-keyup, phx-key
DOM Patching	phx-mounted, phx-update, phx-remove
JS Interop	phx-hook
Lifecycle Events	phx-mounted, phx-disconnected, phx-connected
Rate Limiting	phx-debounce, phx-throttle
Static tracking	phx-track-static

click-events

Click Events

The phx-click binding is used to send click events to the server. When any client event, such as a phx-click click is pushed, the value sent to the server will be chosen with the following priority:

• The :value specified in Phoenix.LiveView.JS.push/3, such as:

  <div phx-click={JS.push("inc", value: %{myvar1: @val1})}>

• Any number of optional phx-value- prefixed attributes, such as:

  <div phx-click="inc" phx-value-myvar1="val1" phx-value-myvar2="val2">

  will send the following map of params to the server:

  def handle_event("inc", %{"myvar1" => "val1", "myvar2" => "val2"}, socket) do

  If the phx-value- prefix is used, the server payload will also contain a "value" if the element's value attribute exists.

• The payload will also include any additional user defined metadata of the client event. For example, the following LiveSocket client option would send the coordinates and altKey information for all clicks:

  let liveSocket = new LiveSocket("/live", Socket, {
    params: {_csrf_token: csrfToken},
    metadata: {
      click: (e, el) => {
        return {
          altKey: e.altKey,
          clientX: e.clientX,
          clientY: e.clientY
        }
      }
    }
  })

The phx-click-away event is fired when a click event happens outside of the element. This is useful for hiding toggled containers like drop-downs.

focus-and-blur-events

Focus and Blur Events

Focus and blur events may be bound to DOM elements that emit such events, using the phx-blur, and phx-focus bindings, for example:

<input name="email" phx-focus="myfocus" phx-blur="myblur"/>

To detect when the page itself has received focus or blur, phx-window-focus and phx-window-blur may be specified. These window level events may also be necessary if the element in consideration (most often a div with no tabindex) cannot receive focus. Like other bindings, phx-value-* can be provided on the bound element, and those values will be sent as part of the payload. For example:

<div class="container"
    phx-window-focus="page-active"
    phx-window-blur="page-inactive"
    phx-value-page="123">
  ...
</div>

key-events

Key Events

The onkeydown, and onkeyup events are supported via the phx-keydown, and phx-keyup bindings. Each binding supports a phx-key attribute, which triggers the event for the specific key press. If no phx-key is provided, the event is triggered for any key press. When pushed, the value sent to the server will contain the "key" that was pressed, plus any user-defined metadata. For example, pressing the Escape key looks like this:

%{"key" => "Escape"}

To capture additional user-defined metadata, the metadata option for keydown events may be provided to the LiveSocket constructor. For example:

let liveSocket = new LiveSocket("/live", Socket, {
  params: {_csrf_token: csrfToken},
  metadata: {
    keydown: (e, el) => {
      return {
        key: e.key,
        metaKey: e.metaKey,
        repeat: e.repeat
      }
    }
  }
})

To determine which key has been pressed you should use key value. The available options can be found on MDN or via the Key Event Viewer.

Note: it is possible for certain browser features like autofill to trigger key events with no "key" field present in the value map sent to the server. For this reason, we recommend always having a fallback catch-all event handler for LiveView key bindings. By default, the bound element will be the event listener, but a window-level binding may be provided via phx-window-keydown or phx-window-keyup, for example:

def render(assigns) do
  ~H"""
  <div id="thermostat" phx-window-keyup="update_temp">
    Current temperature: <%= @temperature %>
  </div>
  """
end

def handle_event("update_temp", %{"key" => "ArrowUp"}, socket) do
  {:ok, new_temp} = Thermostat.inc_temperature(socket.assigns.id)
  {:noreply, assign(socket, :temperature, new_temp)}
end

def handle_event("update_temp", %{"key" => "ArrowDown"}, socket) do
  {:ok, new_temp} = Thermostat.dec_temperature(socket.assigns.id)
  {:noreply, assign(socket, :temperature, new_temp)}
end

def handle_event("update_temp", _, socket) do
  {:noreply, socket}
end

rate-limiting-events-with-debounce-and-throttle

Rate limiting events with Debounce and Throttle

All events can be rate-limited on the client by using the phx-debounce and phx-throttle bindings, with the exception of the phx-blur binding, which is fired immediately.

Rate limited and debounced events have the following behavior:

• phx-debounce - Accepts either an integer timeout value (in milliseconds), or "blur". When an integer is provided, emitting the event is delayed by the specified milliseconds. When "blur" is provided, emitting the event is delayed until the field is blurred by the user. Debouncing is typically used for input elements.

• phx-throttle - Accepts an integer timeout value to throttle the event in milliseconds. Unlike debounce, throttle will immediately emit the event, then rate limit it at once per provided timeout. Throttling is typically used to rate limit clicks, mouse and keyboard actions.

For example, to avoid validating an email until the field is blurred, while validating the username at most every 2 seconds after a user changes the field:

<form phx-change="validate" phx-submit="save">
  <input type="text" name="user[email]" phx-debounce="blur"/>
  <input type="text" name="user[username]" phx-debounce="2000"/>
</form>

And to rate limit a volume up click to once every second:

<button phx-click="volume_up" phx-throttle="1000">+</button>

Likewise, you may throttle held-down keydown:

<div phx-window-keydown="keydown" phx-throttle="500">
  ...
</div>

Unless held-down keys are required, a better approach is generally to use phx-keyup bindings which only trigger on key up, thereby being self-limiting. However, phx-keydown is useful for games and other use cases where a constant press on a key is desired. In such cases, throttle should always be used.

debounce-and-throttle-special-behavior

Debounce and Throttle special behavior

The following specialized behavior is performed for forms and keydown bindings:

• When a phx-submit, or a phx-change for a different input is triggered, any current debounce or throttle timers are reset for existing inputs.

• A phx-keydown binding is only throttled for key repeats. Unique keypresses back-to-back will dispatch the pressed key events.

js-commands

JS Commands

LiveView bindings support a JavaScript command interface via the Phoenix.LiveView.JS module, which allows you to specify utility operations that execute on the client when firing phx- binding events, such as phx-click, phx-change, etc. Commands compose together to allow you to push events, add classes to elements, transition elements in and out, and more. See the Phoenix.LiveView.JS documentation for full usage.

For a small example of what's possible, imagine you want to show and hide a modal on the page without needing to make the round trip to the server to render the content:

<div id="modal" class="modal">
  My Modal
</div>

<button phx-click={JS.show(to: "#modal", transition: "fade-in")}>
  show modal
</button>

<button phx-click={JS.hide(to: "#modal", transition: "fade-out")}>
  hide modal
</button>

<button phx-click={JS.toggle(to: "#modal", in: "fade-in", out: "fade-out")}>
  toggle modal
</button>

Or if your UI library relies on classes to perform the showing or hiding:

<div id="modal" class="modal">
  My Modal
</div>

<button phx-click={JS.add_class("show", to: "#modal", transition: "fade-in")}>
  show modal
</button>

<button phx-click={JS.remove_class("show", to: "#modal", transition: "fade-out")}>
  hide modal
</button>

Commands compose together. For example, you can push an event to the server and immediately hide the modal on the client:

<div id="modal" class="modal">
  My Modal
</div>

<button phx-click={JS.push("modal-closed") |> JS.remove_class("show", to: "#modal", transition: "fade-out")}>
  hide modal
</button>

It is also useful to extract commands into their own functions:

alias Phoenix.LiveView.JS

def hide_modal(js \\ %JS{}, selector) do
  js
  |> JS.push("modal-closed")
  |> JS.remove_class("show", to: selector, transition: "fade-out")
end

<button phx-click={hide_modal("#modal")}>hide modal</button>

The Phoenix.LiveView.JS.push/3 command is particularly powerful in allowing you to customize the event being pushed to the server. For example, imagine you start with a familiar phx-click which pushes a message to the server when clicked:

<button phx-click="clicked">click</button>

Now imagine you want to customize what happens when the "clicked" event is pushed, such as which component should be targeted, which element should receive css loading state classes, etc. This can be accomplished with options on the JS push command. For example:

<button phx-click={JS.push("clicked", target: @myself, loading: ".container")}>click</button>

See Phoenix.LiveView.JS.push/3 for all supported options.

lifecycle-events

Lifecycle Events

LiveView supports the phx-mounted, phx-connected, and phx-disconnected events to react to different lifecycle events with JS commands.

To execute commands when an element first appears on the page, you can leverage phx-mounted, such as to animate a notice into view:

<div id="flash" class="hidden" phx-mounted={JS.show(transition: ...)}>
  Welcome back!
</div>

If phx-mounted is used on the initial page render, it will be invoked only after the initial WebSocket connection is established.

To manage the connection lifecycle, you can combine phx-disconnected and phx-connected to show an element when the LiveView has lost its connection, and hide it when the connection recovers:

<div id="status" class="hidden" phx-disconnected={JS.show()} phx-connected={JS.hide()}>
  Attempting to reconnect...
</div>

liveview-vs-static-view

LiveView vs static view

phx-connected and phx-disconnected are only executed when operating inside a LiveView container. For static templates, they will have no effect.

For LiveView, the phx-mounted binding is executed as soon as the LiveView is mounted with a connection. When using phx-mounted in static views, it is executed as soon as the DOM is ready.

liveview-specific-events

LiveView Specific Events

The lv: event prefix supports LiveView specific features that are handled by LiveView without calling the user's handle_event/3 callbacks. Today, the following events are supported:

• lv:clear-flash – clears the flash when sent to the server. If a phx-value-key is provided, the specific key will be removed from the flash.

For example:

<p class="alert" phx-click="lv:clear-flash" phx-value-key="info">
  <%= live_flash(@flash, :info) %>
</p>

loading-states-and-errors

Loading states and errors

All phx- event bindings apply their own css classes when pushed. For example the following markup:

<button phx-click="clicked" phx-window-keydown="key">...</button>

On click, would receive the phx-click-loading class, and on keydown would receive the phx-keydown-loading class. The css loading classes are maintained until an acknowledgement is received on the client for the pushed event.

In the case of forms, when a phx-change is sent to the server, the input element which emitted the change receives the phx-change-loading class, along with the parent form tag. The following events receive css loading classes:

• phx-click - phx-click-loading
• phx-change - phx-change-loading
• phx-submit - phx-submit-loading
• phx-focus - phx-focus-loading
• phx-blur - phx-blur-loading
• phx-window-keydown - phx-keydown-loading
• phx-window-keyup - phx-keyup-loading

Additionally, the following classes are applied to the LiveView's parent container:

• "phx-connected" - applied when the view has connected to the server
• "phx-loading" - applied when the view is not connected to the server
• "phx-error" - applied when an error occurs on the server. Note, this class will be applied in conjunction with "phx-loading" if connection to the server is lost.

For navigation related loading states (both automatic and manual), see phx-page-loading as described in JavaScript interoperability: Live navigation events.