View Source Axon.Activations (Axon v0.6.1)

Activation functions.

Activation functions are element-wise, (typically) non-linear functions called on the output of another layer, such as a dense layer:

x
|> dense(weight, bias)
|> relu()

Activation functions output the "activation" or how active a given layer's neurons are in learning a representation of the data-generating distribution.

Some activations are commonly used as output activations. For example softmax is often used as the output in multiclass classification problems because it returns a categorical probability distribution:

iex> Axon.Activations.softmax(Nx.tensor([[1, 2, 3]], type: {:f, 32}))
#Nx.Tensor<
  f32[1][3]
  [
    [0.09003057330846786, 0.2447284758090973, 0.6652409434318542]
  ]
>

Other activations such as tanh or sigmoid are used because they have desirable properties, such as keeping the output tensor constrained within a certain range.

Generally, the choice of activation function is arbitrary; although some activations work better than others in certain problem domains. For example ReLU (rectified linear unit) activation is a widely-accepted default. You can see a list of activation functions and implementations here.

All of the functions in this module are implemented as numerical functions and can be JIT or AOT compiled with any supported Nx compiler.

Summary

Functions

celu(x, opts \\ [])

Continuously-differentiable exponential linear unit activation.

elu(x, opts \\ [])

Exponential linear unit activation.

exp(x)

Exponential activation.

gelu(x)

Gaussian error linear unit activation.

hard_sigmoid(x, opts \\ [])

Hard sigmoid activation.

hard_silu(x, opts \\ [])

Hard sigmoid weighted linear unit activation.

hard_tanh(x)

Hard hyperbolic tangent activation.

leaky_relu(x, opts \\ [])

Leaky rectified linear unit activation.

linear(x)

Linear activation.

log_sigmoid(x)

Log-sigmoid activation.

log_softmax(x, opts \\ [])

Log-softmax activation.

log_sumexp(x, opts \\ [])

Logsumexp activation.

mish(x)

Mish activation.

relu6(x)

Rectified linear unit 6 activation.

relu(x)

Rectified linear unit activation.

selu(x, opts \\ [])

Scaled exponential linear unit activation.

sigmoid(x)

Sigmoid activation.

silu(x)

Sigmoid weighted linear unit activation.

softmax(x, opts \\ [])

Softmax activation along an axis.

softplus(x)

Softplus activation.

softsign(x)

Softsign activation.

tanh(x)

Hyperbolic tangent activation.

Functions

Link to this function

celu(x, opts \\ [])

View Source

Continuously-differentiable exponential linear unit activation.

$$ f(x_i) = \max(0, x_i) + \min(0, \alpha * e^{\frac{x_i}{\alpha}} - 1) $$

Options

  • alpha - $\alpha$ in CELU formulation. Must be non-zero. Defaults to 1.0

Examples 

iex> Axon.Activations.celu(Nx.tensor([-3.0, -2.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  f32[7]
  [-0.9502129554748535, -0.8646647334098816, -0.6321205496788025, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
>

iex> Axon.Activations.celu(Nx.tensor([[-1.0, -2.0, -3.0], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]], type: {:bf, 16}))
#Nx.Tensor<
  bf16[2][3]
  [
    [-0.62890625, -0.86328125, -0.94921875],
    [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
  ]
>

Error cases 

iex> Axon.Activations.celu(Nx.tensor([0.0, 1.0, 2.0], type: {:f, 32}), alpha: 0.0)
** (ArgumentError) :alpha must be non-zero in CELU activation

References

Link to this function

elu(x, opts \\ [])

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Exponential linear unit activation.

Equivalent to celu for $\alpha = 1$

$$ f(x_i) = \begin{cases}x_i & x _i > 0 \newline \alpha * (e^{x_i} - 1) & x_i \leq 0 \\ \end{cases} $$

Options

  • alpha - $\alpha$ in ELU formulation. Defaults to 1.0

Examples 

iex> Axon.Activations.elu(Nx.tensor([-3.0, -2.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  f32[7]
  [-0.9502129554748535, -0.8646647334098816, -0.6321205496788025, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
>

iex> Axon.Activations.elu(Nx.tensor([[-1.0, -2.0, -3.0], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]], type: {:bf, 16}))
#Nx.Tensor<
  bf16[2][3]
  [
    [-0.62890625, -0.86328125, -0.94921875],
    [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
  ]
>

References

Link to this function

exp(x)

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Exponential activation.

$$ f(x_i) = e^{x_i} $$

Examples 

iex> Axon.Activations.exp(Nx.tensor([-3.0, -2.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0], names: [:data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  f32[data: 7]
  [0.049787066876888275, 0.1353352814912796, 0.3678794503211975, 1.0, 2.7182817459106445, 7.389056205749512, 20.08553695678711]
>

iex> Axon.Activations.exp(Nx.tensor([[-1.0, -2.0, -3.0], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]], type: {:bf, 16}, names: [:batch, :data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  bf16[batch: 2][data: 3]
  [
    [0.3671875, 0.134765625, 0.049560546875],
    [2.703125, 7.375, 20.0]
  ]
>
Link to this function

gelu(x)

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Gaussian error linear unit activation.

$$ f(x_i) = \frac{x_i}{2}(1 + {erf}(\frac{x_i}{\sqrt{2}})) $$

Examples 

iex> Axon.Activations.gelu(Nx.tensor([-3.0, -2.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0], names: [:data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  f32[data: 7]
  [-0.0040496885776519775, -0.04550027847290039, -0.15865525603294373, 0.0, 0.8413447141647339, 1.9544997215270996, 2.995950222015381]
>

iex> Axon.Activations.gelu(Nx.tensor([[-1.0, -2.0, -3.0], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]], type: {:bf, 16}, names: [:batch, :data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  bf16[batch: 2][data: 3]
  [
    [-0.16015625, -0.046875, -0.005859375],
    [0.83984375, 1.953125, 2.984375]
  ]
>

References

Link to this function

hard_sigmoid(x, opts \\ [])

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Hard sigmoid activation.

Examples 

iex> Axon.Activations.hard_sigmoid(Nx.tensor([-3.0, -2.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0], names: [:data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  f32[data: 7]
  [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.20000000298023224, 0.4000000059604645, 0.6000000238418579, 0.800000011920929]
>

iex> Axon.Activations.hard_sigmoid(Nx.tensor([[-1.0, -2.0, -3.0], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]], type: {:bf, 16}, names: [:batch, :data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  bf16[batch: 2][data: 3]
  [
    [7.781982421875e-4, 0.0, 0.0],
    [0.3984375, 0.59765625, 0.796875]
  ]
>
Link to this function

hard_silu(x, opts \\ [])

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Hard sigmoid weighted linear unit activation.

$$ f(x_i) = \begin{cases} 0 & x_i \leq -3 \newline x & x_i \geq 3 \newline \frac{x_i^2}{6} + \frac{x_i}{2} & otherwise \end{cases} $$

Examples 

iex> Axon.Activations.hard_silu(Nx.tensor([-3.0, -2.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0], names: [:data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  f32[data: 7]
  [-0.0, -0.0, -0.0, 0.0, 0.4000000059604645, 1.2000000476837158, 2.4000000953674316]
>

iex> Axon.Activations.hard_silu(Nx.tensor([[-1.0, -2.0, -3.0], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]], type: {:bf, 16}, names: [:batch, :data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  bf16[batch: 2][data: 3]
  [
    [-7.781982421875e-4, -0.0, -0.0],
    [0.3984375, 1.1953125, 2.390625]
  ]
>
Link to this function

hard_tanh(x)

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Hard hyperbolic tangent activation.

$$ f(x_i) = \begin{cases} 1 & x > 1 \newline -1 & x < -1 \newline x & otherwise \end{cases} $$

Examples 

iex> Axon.Activations.hard_tanh(Nx.tensor([-3.0, -2.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0], names: [:data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  f32[data: 7]
  [-1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
>

iex> Axon.Activations.hard_tanh(Nx.tensor([[-1.0, -2.0, -3.0], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]], type: {:bf, 16}, names: [:batch, :data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  bf16[batch: 2][data: 3]
  [
    [-1.0, -1.0, -1.0],
    [1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
  ]
>
Link to this function

leaky_relu(x, opts \\ [])

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Leaky rectified linear unit activation.

$$ f(x_i) = \begin{cases} x & x \geq 0 \newline \alpha * x & otherwise \end{cases} $$

Options

  • :alpha - $\alpha$ in Leaky ReLU formulation. Defaults to 1.0e-2

Examples 

iex> Axon.Activations.leaky_relu(Nx.tensor([-3.0, -2.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0], names: [:data]), alpha: 0.5)
#Nx.Tensor<
  f32[data: 7]
  [-1.5, -1.0, -0.5, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
>

iex> Axon.Activations.leaky_relu(Nx.tensor([[-1.0, -2.0, -3.0], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]], names: [:batch, :data]), alpha: 0.5)
#Nx.Tensor<
  f32[batch: 2][data: 3]
  [
    [-0.5, -1.0, -1.5],
    [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
  ]
>
Link to this function

linear(x)

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Linear activation.

$$ f(x_i) = x_i $$

Examples 

iex> Axon.Activations.linear(Nx.tensor([-3.0, -2.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0], names: [:data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  f32[data: 7]
  [-3.0, -2.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
>

iex> Axon.Activations.linear(Nx.tensor([[-1.0, -2.0, -3.0], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]], type: {:bf, 16}, names: [:batch, :data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  bf16[batch: 2][data: 3]
  [
    [-1.0, -2.0, -3.0],
    [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
  ]
>
Link to this function

log_sigmoid(x)

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Log-sigmoid activation.

$$ f(x_i) = \log(sigmoid(x)) $$

Examples 

iex> Axon.Activations.log_sigmoid(Nx.tensor([-3.0, -2.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0], type: {:f, 32}, names: [:data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  f32[data: 7]
  [-3.0485873222351074, -2.1269280910491943, -1.3132617473602295, -0.6931471824645996, -0.3132616877555847, -0.12692801654338837, -0.04858734831213951]
>

iex> Axon.Activations.log_sigmoid(Nx.tensor([[-1.0, -2.0, -3.0], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]], type: {:bf, 16}, names: [:batch, :data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  bf16[batch: 2][data: 3]
  [
    [-1.3125, -2.125, -3.046875],
    [-0.3125, -0.1259765625, -0.04833984375]
  ]
>
Link to this function

log_softmax(x, opts \\ [])

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Log-softmax activation.

$$ f(x_i) = -log( um{e^x_i}) $$

Examples 

iex> Axon.Activations.log_softmax(Nx.tensor([-3.0, -2.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0], type: {:f, 32}, names: [:data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  f32[data: 7]
  [-6.457762718200684, -5.457762718200684, -4.457762718200684, -3.4577627182006836, -2.4577627182006836, -1.4577628374099731, -0.45776283740997314]
>

iex> Axon.Activations.log_softmax(Nx.tensor([[-1.0, -2.0, -3.0], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]], type: {:bf, 16}, names: [:batch, :data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  bf16[batch: 2][data: 3]
  [
    [-0.404296875, -1.3984375, -2.390625],
    [-2.390625, -1.3984375, -0.404296875]
  ]
>
Link to this function

log_sumexp(x, opts \\ [])

View Source

Logsumexp activation.

$$ \log(sum e^x_i) $$

Examples 

iex> Axon.Activations.log_sumexp(Nx.tensor([-3.0, -2.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0], names: [:data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  f32[data: 1]
  [3.4577627182006836]
>

iex> Axon.Activations.log_sumexp(Nx.tensor([[-1.0, -2.0, -3.0], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]], type: {:bf, 16}, names: [:batch, :data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  bf16[batch: 2][data: 1]
  [
    [-0.59375],
    [3.390625]
  ]
>
Link to this function

mish(x)

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Mish activation.

$$ f(x_i) = x_i* \tanh(\log(1 + e^x_i)) $$

Examples 

iex> Axon.Activations.mish(Nx.tensor([-3.0, -2.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0], type: {:f, 32}, names: [:data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  f32[data: 7]
  [-0.14564745128154755, -0.2525014877319336, -0.30340147018432617, 0.0, 0.8650984168052673, 1.9439589977264404, 2.98653507232666]
>

iex> Axon.Activations.mish(Nx.tensor([[-1.0, -2.0, -3.0], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]], type: {:bf, 16}, names: [:batch, :data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  bf16[batch: 2][data: 3]
  [
    [-0.30078125, -0.25, -0.1435546875],
    [0.86328125, 1.9375, 2.96875]
  ]
>
Link to this function

relu6(x)

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Rectified linear unit 6 activation.

$$ f(x_i) = \min_i(\max_i(x, 0), 6) $$

Examples 

iex> Axon.Activations.relu6(Nx.tensor([-3.0, -2.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  f32[7]
  [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
>

iex> Axon.Activations.relu6(Nx.tensor([[-1.0, -2.0, -3.0], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]], type: {:bf, 16}, names: [:batch, :data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  bf16[batch: 2][data: 3]
  [
    [0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
    [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
  ]
>

References

Link to this function

relu(x)

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Rectified linear unit activation.

$$ f(x_i) = \max_i(x, 0) $$

Examples 

iex> Axon.Activations.relu(Nx.tensor([-3.0, -2.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0], names: [:data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  f32[data: 7]
  [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
>

iex> Axon.Activations.relu(Nx.tensor([[-1.0, -2.0, -3.0], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]], type: {:bf, 16}, names: [:batch, :data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  bf16[batch: 2][data: 3]
  [
    [0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
    [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
  ]
>
Link to this function

selu(x, opts \\ [])

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Scaled exponential linear unit activation.

$$ f(x_i) = \begin{cases} \lambda x & x \geq 0 \newline \lambda \alpha(e^{x} - 1) & x < 0 \end{cases} $$

$$ \alpha \approx 1.6733 $$ $$ \lambda \approx 1.0507 $$

Examples 

iex> Axon.Activations.selu(Nx.tensor([-3.0, -2.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0], names: [:data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  f32[data: 7]
  [-1.670568823814392, -1.5201665163040161, -1.1113307476043701, 0.0, 1.0507010221481323, 2.1014020442962646, 3.1521029472351074]
>

iex> Axon.Activations.selu(Nx.tensor([[-1.0, -2.0, -3.0], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]], type: {:bf, 16}, names: [:batch, :data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  bf16[batch: 2][data: 3]
  [
    [-1.09375, -1.5078125, -1.6640625],
    [1.046875, 2.09375, 3.140625]
  ]
>

References

Link to this function

sigmoid(x)

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Sigmoid activation.

$$ f(x_i) = \frac{1}{1 + e^{-x_i}} $$

Implementation Note: Sigmoid logits are cached as metadata in the expression and can be used in calculations later on. For example, they are used in cross-entropy calculations for better stability.

Examples 

iex> Axon.Activations.sigmoid(Nx.tensor([-3.0, -2.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0], names: [:data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  f32[data: 7]
  [0.04742587357759476, 0.11920291930437088, 0.2689414322376251, 0.5, 0.7310585975646973, 0.8807970881462097, 0.9525741338729858]
>

iex> Axon.Activations.sigmoid(Nx.tensor([[-1.0, -2.0, -3.0], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]], type: {:bf, 16}, names: [:batch, :data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  bf16[batch: 2][data: 3]
  [
    [0.267578125, 0.119140625, 0.04736328125],
    [0.73046875, 0.87890625, 0.94921875]
  ]
>
Link to this function

silu(x)

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Sigmoid weighted linear unit activation.

$$ f(x_i) = x * sigmoid(x) $$

Examples 

iex> Axon.Activations.silu(Nx.tensor([-3.0, -2.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0], names: [:data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  f32[data: 7]
  [-0.14227762818336487, -0.23840583860874176, -0.2689414322376251, 0.0, 0.7310585975646973, 1.7615941762924194, 2.857722282409668]
>

iex> Axon.Activations.silu(Nx.tensor([[-1.0, -2.0, -3.0], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]], type: {:bf, 16}, names: [:batch, :data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  bf16[batch: 2][data: 3]
  [
    [-0.267578125, -0.23828125, -0.1416015625],
    [0.73046875, 1.7578125, 2.84375]
  ]
>

References

Link to this function

softmax(x, opts \\ [])

View Source

Softmax activation along an axis.

$$ \frac{e^{x_i}}{\sum_i e^{x_i}} $$

Implementation Note: Softmax logits are cached as metadata in the expression and can be used in calculations later on. For example, they are used in cross-entropy calculations for better stability.

Options

  • :axis - softmax axis along which to calculate distribution. Defaults to 1.

Examples 

iex> Axon.Activations.softmax(Nx.tensor([[-3.0, -2.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0]], names: [:batch, :data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  f32[batch: 1][data: 7]
  [
    [0.0015683004166930914, 0.004263082519173622, 0.011588259600102901, 0.03150015324354172, 0.08562629669904709, 0.23275642096996307, 0.6326975226402283]
  ]
>

iex> Axon.Activations.softmax(Nx.tensor([[-1.0, -2.0, -3.0], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]], type: {:bf, 16}, names: [:batch, :data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  bf16[batch: 2][data: 3]
  [
    [0.6640625, 0.2431640625, 0.08935546875],
    [0.08935546875, 0.2431640625, 0.6640625]
  ]
>
Link to this function

softplus(x)

View Source

Softplus activation.

$$ \log(1 + e^x_i) $$

Examples 

iex> Axon.Activations.softplus(Nx.tensor([-3.0, -2.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0], names: [:data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  f32[data: 7]
  [0.04858734831213951, 0.12692801654338837, 0.3132616877555847, 0.6931471824645996, 1.3132617473602295, 2.1269280910491943, 3.0485873222351074]
>

iex> Axon.Activations.softplus(Nx.tensor([[-1.0, -2.0, -3.0], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]], type: {:bf, 16}, names: [:batch, :data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  bf16[batch: 2][data: 3]
  [
    [0.3125, 0.1259765625, 0.04833984375],
    [1.3125, 2.125, 3.046875]
  ]
>
Link to this function

softsign(x)

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Softsign activation.

$$ f(x_i) = \frac{x_i}{|x_i| + 1} $$

Examples 

iex> Axon.Activations.softsign(Nx.tensor([-3.0, -2.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0], names: [:data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  f32[data: 7]
  [-0.75, -0.6666666865348816, -0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 0.6666666865348816, 0.75]
>

iex> Axon.Activations.softsign(Nx.tensor([[-1.0, -2.0, -3.0], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]], type: {:bf, 16}, names: [:batch, :data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  bf16[batch: 2][data: 3]
  [
    [-0.5, -0.6640625, -0.75],
    [0.5, 0.6640625, 0.75]
  ]
>
Link to this function

tanh(x)

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Hyperbolic tangent activation.

$$ f(x_i) = \tanh(x_i) $$

Examples 

iex> Axon.Activations.tanh(Nx.tensor([-3.0, -2.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0], names: [:data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  f32[data: 7]
  [-0.9950547814369202, -0.9640275835990906, -0.7615941762924194, 0.0, 0.7615941762924194, 0.9640275835990906, 0.9950547814369202]
>

iex> Axon.Activations.tanh(Nx.tensor([[-1.0, -2.0, -3.0], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]], type: {:bf, 16}, names: [:batch, :data]))
#Nx.Tensor<
  bf16[batch: 2][data: 3]
  [
    [-0.7578125, -0.9609375, -0.9921875],
    [0.7578125, 0.9609375, 0.9921875]
  ]
>