Applicatives (or more specifically applicative functors) are a special form of Control.Functor where the value within the functor is a function

Functors are things that can be mapped over, like lists, Maybes, trees, and such

A set of helper functions to ease the process of working with the Control.* protocols

A monad is essentially a value with a context

A monoid is a function and an identity for a given type

The Data.Either type represents values with two possibilities: left(a) or right(b)

The Data.Maybe type encapsulates an optional value

The Data.Writer type encapsulates a values with an attached, secondary value that acts like a log