View Source Keyword (Elixir v1.14.2)
A keyword list is a list that consists exclusively of two-element tuples.
The first element of these tuples is known as the key, and it must be an atom. The second element, known as the value, can be any term.
Keywords are mostly used to work with optional values.
Examples
For example, the following is a keyword list:
[{:exit_on_close, true}, {:active, :once}, {:packet_size, 1024}]Elixir provides a special and more concise syntax for keyword lists:
[exit_on_close: true, active: :once, packet_size: 1024]The two syntaxes return the exact same value.
A key can be any atom, consisting of Unicode letters, numbers,
an underscore or the @ sign. If the key should have any other
characters, such as spaces, you can wrap it in quotes:
iex> ["exit on close": true]
["exit on close": true]Wrapping an atom in quotes does not make it a string. Keyword list keys are always atoms. Quotes should only be used when necessary or Elixir will issue a warning.
Duplicate keys and ordering
A keyword may have duplicate keys so it is not strictly a key-value
data type. However most of the functions in this module work on a
key-value structure and behave similar to the functions you would
find in the Map module. For example, Keyword.get/3 will get the first
entry matching the given key, regardless if duplicate entries exist.
Similarly, Keyword.put/3 and Keyword.delete/2 ensure all duplicate
entries for a given key are removed when invoked. Note, however, that
keyword list operations need to traverse the whole list in order to find
keys, so these operations are slower than their map counterparts.
A handful of functions exist to handle duplicate keys, for example,
get_values/2 returns all values for a given key and delete_first/2
deletes just the first entry of the existing ones.
Even though lists preserve the existing order, the functions in
Keyword do not guarantee any ordering. For example, if you invoke
Keyword.put(opts, new_key, new_value), there is no guarantee for
where new_key will be added to (the front, the end or anywhere else).
Given ordering is not guaranteed, it is not recommended to pattern match on keyword lists either. For example, a function such as:
def my_function([some_key: value, another_key: another_value])will match
my_function([some_key: :foo, another_key: :bar])but it won't match
my_function([another_key: :bar, some_key: :foo])Most of the functions in this module work in linear time. This means that the time it takes to perform an operation grows at the same rate as the length of the list.
Call syntax
When keyword lists are passed as the last argument to a function, the square brackets around the keyword list can be omitted. For example, the keyword list syntax:
String.split("1-0", "-", [trim: true, parts: 2])can be written without the enclosing brackets whenever it is the last argument of a function call:
String.split("1-0", "-", trim: true, parts: 2)Since tuples, lists and maps are treated similarly to function arguments in Elixir syntax, this property is also available to them:
iex> {1, 2, foo: :bar}
{1, 2, [{:foo, :bar}]}
iex> [1, 2, foo: :bar]
[1, 2, {:foo, :bar}]
iex> %{1 => 2, foo: :bar}
%{1 => 2, :foo => :bar}Link to this section Summary
Functions
Deletes the entries in the keyword list under a specific key.
Deletes the first entry in the keyword list under a specific key.
Drops the given keys from the keyword list.
Checks if two keywords are equal.
Fetches the value for a specific key and returns it in a tuple.
Fetches the value for specific key.
Returns a keyword list containing only the entries from keywords
for which the function fun returns a truthy value.
Builds a keyword from the given keys and the fixed value.
Gets the value under the given key.
Gets the value from key and updates it, all in one pass.
Gets the value under key and updates it. Raises if there is no key.
Gets the value under the given key.
Gets all values under a specific key.
Returns whether a given key exists in the given keywords.
Returns all keys from the keyword list.
Returns true if term is a keyword list, otherwise false.
Merges two keyword lists into one.
Merges two keyword lists into one.
Returns an empty keyword list, i.e. an empty list.
Creates a keyword list from an enumerable.
Creates a keyword list from an enumerable via the transformation function.
Returns the first value for key and removes all associated entries in the keyword list.
Returns the first value for key and removes all associated entries in the keyword list,
raising if key is not present.
Returns and removes the first value associated with key in the keyword list.
Lazily returns and removes all values associated with key in the keyword list.
Returns all values for key and removes all associated entries in the keyword list.
Puts the given value under the specified key.
Puts the given value under key, unless the entry key already exists.
Evaluates fun and puts the result under key
in keyword list unless key is already present.
Returns a keyword list excluding the entries from keywords
for which the function fun returns a truthy value.
Puts a value under key only if the key already exists in keywords.
Puts a value under key only if the key already exists in keywords.
Replaces the value under key using the given function only if
key already exists in keywords.
Takes all entries corresponding to the given keys and extracts them into a
separate keyword list.
Takes all entries corresponding to the given keys and returns them as a new
keyword list.
Returns the keyword list itself.
Updates the value under key in keywords using the given function.
Updates the value under key using the given function.
Ensures the given keyword has only the keys given in values.
Similar to validate/2 but returns the keyword or raises an error.
Returns all values from the keyword list.
Link to this section Types
Link to this section Functions
Deletes the entries in the keyword list under a specific key.
If the key does not exist, it returns the keyword list unchanged.
Use delete_first/2 to delete just the first entry in case of
duplicate keys.
Examples
iex> Keyword.delete([a: 1, b: 2], :a)
[b: 2]
iex> Keyword.delete([a: 1, b: 2, a: 3], :a)
[b: 2]
iex> Keyword.delete([b: 2], :a)
[b: 2]Deletes the first entry in the keyword list under a specific key.
If the key does not exist, it returns the keyword list unchanged.
Examples
iex> Keyword.delete_first([a: 1, b: 2, a: 3], :a)
[b: 2, a: 3]
iex> Keyword.delete_first([b: 2], :a)
[b: 2]Drops the given keys from the keyword list.
Removes duplicate keys from the new keyword list.
Examples
iex> Keyword.drop([a: 1, a: 2], [:a])
[]
iex> Keyword.drop([a: 1, b: 2, c: 3], [:b, :d])
[a: 1, c: 3]
iex> Keyword.drop([a: 1, b: 2, b: 3, c: 3, a: 5], [:b, :d])
[a: 1, c: 3, a: 5]Checks if two keywords are equal.
Considers two keywords to be equal if they contain the same keys and those keys contain the same values.
Examples
iex> Keyword.equal?([a: 1, b: 2], [b: 2, a: 1])
true
iex> Keyword.equal?([a: 1, b: 2], [b: 1, a: 2])
false
iex> Keyword.equal?([a: 1, b: 2, a: 3], [b: 2, a: 3, a: 1])
trueComparison between values is done with ===/3,
which means integers are not equivalent to floats:
iex> Keyword.equal?([a: 1.0], [a: 1])
falseFetches the value for a specific key and returns it in a tuple.
If the key does not exist, it returns :error.
Examples
iex> Keyword.fetch([a: 1], :a)
{:ok, 1}
iex> Keyword.fetch([a: 1], :b)
:errorFetches the value for specific key.
If the key does not exist, it raises a KeyError.
Examples
iex> Keyword.fetch!([a: 1], :a)
1
iex> Keyword.fetch!([a: 1], :b)
** (KeyError) key :b not found in: [a: 1]Returns a keyword list containing only the entries from keywords
for which the function fun returns a truthy value.
See also reject/2 which discards all entries where the function
returns a truthy value.
Examples
iex> Keyword.filter([one: 1, two: 2, three: 3], fn {_key, val} -> rem(val, 2) == 1 end)
[one: 1, three: 3]Builds a keyword from the given keys and the fixed value.
Examples
iex> Keyword.from_keys([:foo, :bar, :baz], :atom)
[foo: :atom, bar: :atom, baz: :atom]Gets the value under the given key.
Returns the default value if key does not exist
(nil if no default value is provided).
If duplicate entries exist, it returns the first one.
Use get_values/2 to retrieve all entries.
Examples
iex> Keyword.get([], :a)
nil
iex> Keyword.get([a: 1], :a)
1
iex> Keyword.get([a: 1], :b)
nil
iex> Keyword.get([a: 1], :b, 3)
3With duplicate keys:
iex> Keyword.get([a: 1, a: 2], :a, 3)
1
iex> Keyword.get([a: 1, a: 2], :b, 3)
3@spec get_and_update( t(), key(), (value() | nil -> {current_value, new_value :: value()} | :pop) ) :: {current_value, new_keywords :: t()} when current_value: value()
Gets the value from key and updates it, all in one pass.
The fun argument receives the value of key (or nil if key
is not present) and must return a two-element tuple: the current value
(the retrieved value, which can be operated on before being returned)
and the new value to be stored under key. The fun may also
return :pop, implying the current value shall be removed from the
keyword list and returned.
Returns a tuple that contains the current value returned by
fun and a new keyword list with the updated value under key.
Examples
iex> Keyword.get_and_update([a: 1], :a, fn current_value ->
...> {current_value, "new value!"}
...> end)
{1, [a: "new value!"]}
iex> Keyword.get_and_update([a: 1], :b, fn current_value ->
...> {current_value, "new value!"}
...> end)
{nil, [b: "new value!", a: 1]}
iex> Keyword.get_and_update([a: 2], :a, fn number ->
...> {2 * number, 3 * number}
...> end)
{4, [a: 6]}
iex> Keyword.get_and_update([a: 1], :a, fn _ -> :pop end)
{1, []}
iex> Keyword.get_and_update([a: 1], :b, fn _ -> :pop end)
{nil, [a: 1]}@spec get_and_update!( t(), key(), (value() | nil -> {current_value, new_value :: value()} | :pop) ) :: {current_value, new_keywords :: t()} when current_value: value()
Gets the value under key and updates it. Raises if there is no key.
The fun argument receives the value under key and must return a
two-element tuple: the current value (the retrieved value, which can be
operated on before being returned) and the new value to be stored under
key.
Returns a tuple that contains the current value returned by
fun and a new keyword list with the updated value under key.
Examples
iex> Keyword.get_and_update!([a: 1], :a, fn current_value ->
...> {current_value, "new value!"}
...> end)
{1, [a: "new value!"]}
iex> Keyword.get_and_update!([a: 1], :b, fn current_value ->
...> {current_value, "new value!"}
...> end)
** (KeyError) key :b not found in: [a: 1]
iex> Keyword.get_and_update!([a: 1], :a, fn _ ->
...> :pop
...> end)
{1, []}Gets the value under the given key.
If key does not exist, lazily evaluates fun and returns its result.
This is useful if the default value is very expensive to calculate or generally difficult to set up and tear down again.
If duplicate entries exist, it returns the first one.
Use get_values/2 to retrieve all entries.
Examples
iex> keyword = [a: 1]
iex> fun = fn ->
...> # some expensive operation here
...> 13
...> end
iex> Keyword.get_lazy(keyword, :a, fun)
1
iex> Keyword.get_lazy(keyword, :b, fun)
13Gets all values under a specific key.
Examples
iex> Keyword.get_values([], :a)
[]
iex> Keyword.get_values([a: 1], :a)
[1]
iex> Keyword.get_values([a: 1, a: 2], :a)
[1, 2]Returns whether a given key exists in the given keywords.
Examples
iex> Keyword.has_key?([a: 1], :a)
true
iex> Keyword.has_key?([a: 1], :b)
falseReturns all keys from the keyword list.
Keeps duplicate keys in the resulting list of keys.
Examples
iex> Keyword.keys(a: 1, b: 2)
[:a, :b]
iex> Keyword.keys(a: 1, b: 2, a: 3)
[:a, :b, :a]
iex> Keyword.keys([{:a, 1}, {"b", 2}, {:c, 3}])
** (ArgumentError) expected a keyword list, but an entry in the list is not a two-element tuple with an atom as its first element, got: {"b", 2}Returns true if term is a keyword list, otherwise false.
When term is a list it is traversed to the end.
Examples
iex> Keyword.keyword?([])
true
iex> Keyword.keyword?(a: 1)
true
iex> Keyword.keyword?([{Foo, 1}])
true
iex> Keyword.keyword?([{}])
false
iex> Keyword.keyword?([:key])
false
iex> Keyword.keyword?(%{})
falseMerges two keyword lists into one.
Adds all keys, including duplicate keys, given in keywords2
to keywords1, overriding any existing ones.
There are no guarantees about the order of the keys in the returned keyword.
Examples
iex> Keyword.merge([a: 1, b: 2], [a: 3, d: 4])
[b: 2, a: 3, d: 4]
iex> Keyword.merge([a: 1, b: 2], [a: 3, d: 4, a: 5])
[b: 2, a: 3, d: 4, a: 5]
iex> Keyword.merge([a: 1], [2, 3])
** (ArgumentError) expected a keyword list as the second argument, got: [2, 3]Merges two keyword lists into one.
Adds all keys, including duplicate keys, given in keywords2
to keywords1. Invokes the given function to solve conflicts.
If keywords2 has duplicate keys, it invokes the given function
for each matching pair in keywords1.
There are no guarantees about the order of the keys in the returned keyword.
Examples
iex> Keyword.merge([a: 1, b: 2], [a: 3, d: 4], fn _k, v1, v2 ->
...> v1 + v2
...> end)
[b: 2, a: 4, d: 4]
iex> Keyword.merge([a: 1, b: 2], [a: 3, d: 4, a: 5], fn :a, v1, v2 ->
...> v1 + v2
...> end)
[b: 2, a: 4, d: 4, a: 5]
iex> Keyword.merge([a: 1, b: 2, a: 3], [a: 3, d: 4, a: 5], fn :a, v1, v2 ->
...> v1 + v2
...> end)
[b: 2, a: 4, d: 4, a: 8]
iex> Keyword.merge([a: 1, b: 2], [:a, :b], fn :a, v1, v2 ->
...> v1 + v2
...> end)
** (ArgumentError) expected a keyword list as the second argument, got: [:a, :b]@spec new() :: []
Returns an empty keyword list, i.e. an empty list.
Examples
iex> Keyword.new()
[]@spec new(Enumerable.t()) :: t()
Creates a keyword list from an enumerable.
Removes duplicate entries and the last one prevails.
Unlike Enum.into(enumerable, []), Keyword.new(enumerable)
guarantees the keys are unique.
Examples
iex> Keyword.new([{:b, 1}, {:a, 2}])
[b: 1, a: 2]
iex> Keyword.new([{:a, 1}, {:a, 2}, {:a, 3}])
[a: 3]@spec new(Enumerable.t(), (term() -> {key(), value()})) :: t()
Creates a keyword list from an enumerable via the transformation function.
Removes duplicate entries and the last one prevails.
Unlike Enum.into(enumerable, [], fun),
Keyword.new(enumerable, fun) guarantees the keys are unique.
Examples
iex> Keyword.new([:a, :b], fn x -> {x, x} end)
[a: :a, b: :b]Returns the first value for key and removes all associated entries in the keyword list.
It returns a tuple where the first element is the first value for key and the
second element is a keyword list with all entries associated with key removed.
If the key is not present in the keyword list, it returns {default, keyword_list}.
If you don't want to remove all the entries associated with key use pop_first/3
instead, which will remove only the first entry.
Examples
iex> Keyword.pop([a: 1], :a)
{1, []}
iex> Keyword.pop([a: 1], :b)
{nil, [a: 1]}
iex> Keyword.pop([a: 1], :b, 3)
{3, [a: 1]}
iex> Keyword.pop([a: 1, a: 2], :a)
{1, []}Returns the first value for key and removes all associated entries in the keyword list,
raising if key is not present.
This function behaves like pop/3, but raises in case the key is not present in the
given keywords.
Examples
iex> Keyword.pop!([a: 1], :a)
{1, []}
iex> Keyword.pop!([a: 1, a: 2], :a)
{1, []}
iex> Keyword.pop!([a: 1], :b)
** (KeyError) key :b not found in: [a: 1]Returns and removes the first value associated with key in the keyword list.
Keeps duplicate keys in the resulting keyword list.
Examples
iex> Keyword.pop_first([a: 1], :a)
{1, []}
iex> Keyword.pop_first([a: 1], :b)
{nil, [a: 1]}
iex> Keyword.pop_first([a: 1], :b, 3)
{3, [a: 1]}
iex> Keyword.pop_first([a: 1, a: 2], :a)
{1, [a: 2]}Lazily returns and removes all values associated with key in the keyword list.
This is useful if the default value is very expensive to calculate or generally difficult to set up and tear down again.
Removes all duplicate keys. See pop_first/3 for removing only the first entry.
Examples
iex> keyword = [a: 1]
iex> fun = fn ->
...> # some expensive operation here
...> 13
...> end
iex> Keyword.pop_lazy(keyword, :a, fun)
{1, []}
iex> Keyword.pop_lazy(keyword, :b, fun)
{13, [a: 1]}Returns all values for key and removes all associated entries in the keyword list.
It returns a tuple where the first element is a list of values for key and the
second element is a keyword list with all entries associated with key removed.
If the key is not present in the keyword list, it returns {[], keyword_list}.
If you don't want to remove all the entries associated with key use pop_first/3
instead, which will remove only the first entry.
Examples
iex> Keyword.pop_values([a: 1], :a)
{[1], []}
iex> Keyword.pop_values([a: 1], :b)
{[], [a: 1]}
iex> Keyword.pop_values([a: 1, a: 2], :a)
{[1, 2], []}Puts the given value under the specified key.
If a value under key already exists, it overrides the value
and removes all duplicate entries.
Examples
iex> Keyword.put([a: 1], :b, 2)
[b: 2, a: 1]
iex> Keyword.put([a: 1, b: 2], :a, 3)
[a: 3, b: 2]
iex> Keyword.put([a: 1, b: 2, a: 4], :a, 3)
[a: 3, b: 2]Puts the given value under key, unless the entry key already exists.
Examples
iex> Keyword.put_new([a: 1], :b, 2)
[b: 2, a: 1]
iex> Keyword.put_new([a: 1, b: 2], :a, 3)
[a: 1, b: 2]Evaluates fun and puts the result under key
in keyword list unless key is already present.
This is useful if the value is very expensive to calculate or generally difficult to set up and tear down again.
Examples
iex> keyword = [a: 1]
iex> fun = fn ->
...> # some expensive operation here
...> 13
...> end
iex> Keyword.put_new_lazy(keyword, :a, fun)
[a: 1]
iex> Keyword.put_new_lazy(keyword, :b, fun)
[b: 13, a: 1]Returns a keyword list excluding the entries from keywords
for which the function fun returns a truthy value.
See also filter/2.
Examples
iex> Keyword.reject([one: 1, two: 2, three: 3], fn {_key, val} -> rem(val, 2) == 1 end)
[two: 2]Puts a value under key only if the key already exists in keywords.
In case a key exists multiple times in the keyword list, it removes later occurrences.
Examples
iex> Keyword.replace([a: 1, b: 2, a: 4], :a, 3)
[a: 3, b: 2]
iex> Keyword.replace([a: 1], :b, 2)
[a: 1]Puts a value under key only if the key already exists in keywords.
If key is not present in keywords, it raises a KeyError.
Examples
iex> Keyword.replace!([a: 1, b: 2, a: 3], :a, :new)
[a: :new, b: 2]
iex> Keyword.replace!([a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, b: 4], :b, :new)
[a: 1, b: :new, c: 3]
iex> Keyword.replace!([a: 1], :b, 2)
** (KeyError) key :b not found in: [a: 1]Replaces the value under key using the given function only if
key already exists in keywords.
In comparison to replace/3, this can be useful when it's expensive to calculate the value.
If key does not exist, the original keyword list is returned unchanged.
Examples
iex> Keyword.replace_lazy([a: 1, b: 2], :a, fn v -> v * 4 end)
[a: 4, b: 2]
iex> Keyword.replace_lazy([a: 2, b: 2, a: 1], :a, fn v -> v * 4 end)
[a: 8, b: 2]
iex> Keyword.replace_lazy([a: 1, b: 2], :c, fn v -> v * 4 end)
[a: 1, b: 2]Takes all entries corresponding to the given keys and extracts them into a
separate keyword list.
Returns a tuple with the new list and the old list with removed keys.
Ignores keys for which there are no entries in the keyword list.
Entries with duplicate keys end up in the same keyword list.
Examples
iex> Keyword.split([a: 1, b: 2, c: 3], [:a, :c, :e])
{[a: 1, c: 3], [b: 2]}
iex> Keyword.split([a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, a: 4], [:a, :c, :e])
{[a: 1, c: 3, a: 4], [b: 2]}Takes all entries corresponding to the given keys and returns them as a new
keyword list.
Preserves duplicate keys in the new keyword list.
Examples
iex> Keyword.take([a: 1, b: 2, c: 3], [:a, :c, :e])
[a: 1, c: 3]
iex> Keyword.take([a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, a: 5], [:a, :c, :e])
[a: 1, c: 3, a: 5]Returns the keyword list itself.
Examples
iex> Keyword.to_list(a: 1)
[a: 1]@spec update( t(), key(), default :: value(), (existing_value :: value() -> new_value :: value()) ) :: t()
Updates the value under key in keywords using the given function.
If the key does not exist, it inserts the given default value.
Does not pass the default value through the update function.
Removes all duplicate keys and only updates the first one.
Examples
iex> Keyword.update([a: 1], :a, 13, fn existing_value -> existing_value * 2 end)
[a: 2]
iex> Keyword.update([a: 1, a: 2], :a, 13, fn existing_value -> existing_value * 2 end)
[a: 2]
iex> Keyword.update([a: 1], :b, 11, fn existing_value -> existing_value * 2 end)
[a: 1, b: 11]Updates the value under key using the given function.
Raises KeyError if the key does not exist.
Removes all duplicate keys and only updates the first one.
Examples
iex> Keyword.update!([a: 1, b: 2, a: 3], :a, &(&1 * 2))
[a: 2, b: 2]
iex> Keyword.update!([a: 1, b: 2, c: 3], :b, &(&1 * 2))
[a: 1, b: 4, c: 3]
iex> Keyword.update!([a: 1], :b, &(&1 * 2))
** (KeyError) key :b not found in: [a: 1]@spec validate( keyword(), values :: [atom() | {atom(), term()}] ) :: {:ok, keyword()} | {:error, [atom()]}
Ensures the given keyword has only the keys given in values.
The second argument must be a list of atoms, specifying a given key, or tuples specifying a key and a default value.
If the keyword list has only the given keys, it returns
{:ok, keyword} with default values applied. Otherwise it
returns {:error, invalid_keys} with invalid keys.
See also: validate!/2.
Examples
iex> {:ok, result} = Keyword.validate([], [one: 1, two: 2])
iex> Enum.sort(result)
[one: 1, two: 2]
iex> {:ok, result} = Keyword.validate([two: 3], [one: 1, two: 2])
iex> Enum.sort(result)
[one: 1, two: 3]If atoms are given, they are supported as keys but do not provide a default value:
iex> {:ok, result} = Keyword.validate([], [:one, two: 2])
iex> Enum.sort(result)
[two: 2]
iex> {:ok, result} = Keyword.validate([one: 1], [:one, two: 2])
iex> Enum.sort(result)
[one: 1, two: 2]Passing unknown keys returns an error:
iex> Keyword.validate([three: 3, four: 4], [one: 1, two: 2])
{:error, [:four, :three]}Passing the same key multiple times also errors:
iex> Keyword.validate([one: 1, two: 2, one: 1], [:one, :two])
{:error, [:one]}Similar to validate/2 but returns the keyword or raises an error.
Examples
iex> Keyword.validate!([], [one: 1, two: 2]) |> Enum.sort()
[one: 1, two: 2]
iex> Keyword.validate!([two: 3], [one: 1, two: 2]) |> Enum.sort()
[one: 1, two: 3]If atoms are given, they are supported as keys but do not provide a default value:
iex> Keyword.validate!([], [:one, two: 2]) |> Enum.sort()
[two: 2]
iex> Keyword.validate!([one: 1], [:one, two: 2]) |> Enum.sort()
[one: 1, two: 2]Passing unknown keys raises an error:
iex> Keyword.validate!([three: 3], [one: 1, two: 2])
** (ArgumentError) unknown keys [:three] in [three: 3], the allowed keys are: [:one, :two]Passing the same key multiple times also errors:
iex> Keyword.validate!([one: 1, two: 2, one: 1], [:one, :two])
** (ArgumentError) duplicate keys [:one] in [one: 1, two: 2, one: 1]Returns all values from the keyword list.
Keeps values from duplicate keys in the resulting list of values.
Examples
iex> Keyword.values(a: 1, b: 2)
[1, 2]
iex> Keyword.values(a: 1, b: 2, a: 3)
[1, 2, 3]