@spec all() :: access_fun(data :: list(), current_value :: list())

Returns a function that accesses all the elements in a list.

The returned function is typically passed as an accessor to Kernel.get_in/2, Kernel.get_and_update_in/3, and friends.

Examples

iex> list = [%{name: "john"}, %{name: "mary"}]
iex> get_in(list, [Access.all(), :name])
["john", "mary"]
iex> get_and_update_in(list, [Access.all(), :name], fn prev ->
...>   {prev, String.upcase(prev)}
...> end)
{["john", "mary"], [%{name: "JOHN"}, %{name: "MARY"}]}
iex> pop_in(list, [Access.all(), :name])
{["john", "mary"], [%{}, %{}]}

Here is an example that traverses the list dropping even numbers and multiplying odd numbers by 2:

iex> require Integer
iex> get_and_update_in([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [Access.all()], fn num ->
...>   if Integer.is_even(num), do: :pop, else: {num, num * 2}
...> end)
{[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [2, 6, 10]}

An error is raised if the accessed structure is not a list:

iex> get_in(%{}, [Access.all()])
** (RuntimeError) Access.all/0 expected a list, got: %{}

@spec at(integer()) :: access_fun(data :: list(), current_value :: term())

Returns a function that accesses the element at index (zero based) of a list.

Keep in mind that index lookups in lists take linear time: the larger the list, the longer it will take to access its index. Therefore index-based operations are generally avoided in favor of other functions in the Enum module.

The returned function is typically passed as an accessor to Kernel.get_in/2, Kernel.get_and_update_in/3, and friends.

Examples

iex> list = [%{name: "john"}, %{name: "mary"}]
iex> get_in(list, [Access.at(1), :name])
"mary"
iex> get_in(list, [Access.at(-1), :name])
"mary"
iex> get_and_update_in(list, [Access.at(0), :name], fn prev ->
...>   {prev, String.upcase(prev)}
...> end)
{"john", [%{name: "JOHN"}, %{name: "mary"}]}
iex> get_and_update_in(list, [Access.at(-1), :name], fn prev ->
...>   {prev, String.upcase(prev)}
...> end)
{"mary", [%{name: "john"}, %{name: "MARY"}]}

at/1 can also be used to pop elements out of a list or a key inside of a list:

iex> list = [%{name: "john"}, %{name: "mary"}]
iex> pop_in(list, [Access.at(0)])
{%{name: "john"}, [%{name: "mary"}]}
iex> pop_in(list, [Access.at(0), :name])
{"john", [%{}, %{name: "mary"}]}

When the index is out of bounds, nil is returned and the update function is never called:

iex> list = [%{name: "john"}, %{name: "mary"}]
iex> get_in(list, [Access.at(10), :name])
nil
iex> get_and_update_in(list, [Access.at(10), :name], fn prev ->
...>   {prev, String.upcase(prev)}
...> end)
{nil, [%{name: "john"}, %{name: "mary"}]}

An error is raised if the accessed structure is not a list:

iex> get_in(%{}, [Access.at(1)])
** (RuntimeError) Access.at/1 expected a list, got: %{}

@spec at!(integer()) :: access_fun(data :: list(), current_value :: term())

Same as at/1 except that it raises Enum.OutOfBoundsError if the given index is out of bounds.

Examples

iex> get_in([:a, :b, :c], [Access.at!(2)])
:c
iex> get_in([:a, :b, :c], [Access.at!(3)])
** (Enum.OutOfBoundsError) out of bounds error

@spec elem(non_neg_integer()) :: access_fun(data :: tuple(), current_value :: term())

Returns a function that accesses the element at the given index in a tuple.

The returned function is typically passed as an accessor to Kernel.get_in/2, Kernel.get_and_update_in/3, and friends.

The returned function raises if index is out of bounds.

Note that popping elements out of tuples is not possible and raises an error.

Examples

iex> map = %{user: {"john", 27}}
iex> get_in(map, [:user, Access.elem(0)])
"john"
iex> get_and_update_in(map, [:user, Access.elem(0)], fn prev ->
...>   {prev, String.upcase(prev)}
...> end)
{"john", %{user: {"JOHN", 27}}}
iex> pop_in(map, [:user, Access.elem(0)])
** (RuntimeError) cannot pop data from a tuple

An error is raised if the accessed structure is not a tuple:

iex> get_in(%{}, [Access.elem(0)])
** (RuntimeError) Access.elem/1 expected a tuple, got: %{}

@spec fetch(container(), term()) :: {:ok, term()} | :error

@spec fetch(nil_container(), any()) :: :error

Fetches the value for the given key in a container (a map, keyword list, or struct that implements the Access behaviour).

Returns {:ok, value} where value is the value under key if there is such a key, or :error if key is not found.

Examples

iex> Access.fetch(%{name: "meg", age: 26}, :name)
{:ok, "meg"}

iex> Access.fetch([ordered: true, on_timeout: :exit], :timeout)
:error

@spec fetch!(container(), term()) :: term()

Same as fetch/2 but returns the value directly, or raises a KeyError exception if key is not found.

Examples

iex> Access.fetch!(%{name: "meg", age: 26}, :name)
"meg"

@spec filter((term() -> boolean())) ::
  access_fun(data :: list(), current_value :: list())

Returns a function that accesses all elements of a list that match the provided predicate.

The returned function is typically passed as an accessor to Kernel.get_in/2, Kernel.get_and_update_in/3, and friends.

Examples

iex> list = [%{name: "john", salary: 10}, %{name: "francine", salary: 30}]
iex> get_in(list, [Access.filter(&(&1.salary > 20)), :name])
["francine"]
iex> get_and_update_in(list, [Access.filter(&(&1.salary <= 20)), :name], fn prev ->
...>   {prev, String.upcase(prev)}
...> end)
{["john"], [%{name: "JOHN", salary: 10}, %{name: "francine", salary: 30}]}

filter/1 can also be used to pop elements out of a list or a key inside of a list:

iex> list = [%{name: "john", salary: 10}, %{name: "francine", salary: 30}]
iex> pop_in(list, [Access.filter(&(&1.salary >= 20))])
{[%{name: "francine", salary: 30}], [%{name: "john", salary: 10}]}
iex> pop_in(list, [Access.filter(&(&1.salary >= 20)), :name])
{["francine"], [%{name: "john", salary: 10}, %{salary: 30}]}

When no match is found, an empty list is returned and the update function is never called

iex> list = [%{name: "john", salary: 10}, %{name: "francine", salary: 30}]
iex> get_in(list, [Access.filter(&(&1.salary >= 50)), :name])
[]
iex> get_and_update_in(list, [Access.filter(&(&1.salary >= 50)), :name], fn prev ->
...>   {prev, String.upcase(prev)}
...> end)
{[], [%{name: "john", salary: 10}, %{name: "francine", salary: 30}]}

An error is raised if the predicate is not a function or is of the incorrect arity:

iex> get_in([], [Access.filter(5)])
** (FunctionClauseError) no function clause matching in Access.filter/1

An error is raised if the accessed structure is not a list:

iex> get_in(%{}, [Access.filter(fn a -> a == 10 end)])
** (RuntimeError) Access.filter/1 expected a list, got: %{}

@spec find((term() -> as_boolean(term()))) ::
  access_fun(data :: list(), current_value :: term())

Returns a function that accesses the first element of a list that matches the provided predicate.

The returned function is typically passed as an accessor to Kernel.get_in/2, Kernel.get_and_update_in/3, and friends.

Examples

iex> list = [%{name: "john", salary: 10}, %{name: "francine", salary: 30}]
iex> get_in(list, [Access.find(&(&1.salary > 20)), :name])
"francine"
iex>  get_and_update_in(list, [Access.find(&(&1.salary <= 40)), :name], fn prev ->
...> {prev, String.upcase(prev)}
...>  end)
{"john", [%{name: "JOHN", salary: 10}, %{name: "francine", salary: 30}]}

find/1 can also be used to pop the first found element out of a list or a key inside of a list:

iex> list = [%{name: "john", salary: 10}, %{name: "francine", salary: 30}]
iex> pop_in(list, [Access.find(&(&1.salary <= 40))])
{%{name: "john", salary: 10}, [%{name: "francine", salary: 30}]}

When no match is found, nil is returned and the update function is never called

iex> list = [%{name: "john", salary: 10}, %{name: "francine", salary: 30}]
iex> get_in(list, [Access.find(&(&1.salary >= 50)), :name])
nil
iex> get_and_update_in(list, [Access.find(&(&1.salary >= 50)), :name], fn prev ->
...>   {prev, String.upcase(prev)}
...> end)
{nil, [%{name: "john", salary: 10}, %{name: "francine", salary: 30}]}

An error is raised if the predicate is not a function or is of the incorrect arity:

iex> get_in([], [Access.find(5)])
** (FunctionClauseError) no function clause matching in Access.find/1

An error is raised if the accessed structure is not a list:

iex>  get_in(%{}, [Access.find(fn a -> a == 10 end)])
** (RuntimeError) Access.find/1 expected a list, got: %{}

@spec get(container(), term(), term()) :: term()

@spec get(nil_container(), any(), default) :: default when default: var

Gets the value for the given key in a container (a map, keyword list, or struct that implements the Access behaviour).

Returns the value under key if there is such a key, or default if key is not found.

Examples

iex> Access.get(%{name: "john"}, :name, "default name")
"john"
iex> Access.get(%{name: "john"}, :age, 25)
25

iex> Access.get([ordered: true], :timeout)
nil

@spec get_and_update(data, key(), (value() | nil ->
                               {current_value, new_value :: value()} | :pop)) ::
  {current_value, new_data :: data}
when data: container(), current_value: var

Gets and updates the given key in a container (a map, a keyword list, a struct that implements the Access behaviour).

The fun argument receives the value of key (or nil if key is not present in container) and must return a two-element tuple {current_value, new_value}: the "get" value current_value (the retrieved value, which can be operated on before being returned) and the new value to be stored under key (new_value). fun may also return :pop, which means the current value should be removed from the container and returned.

The returned value is a two-element tuple with the "get" value returned by fun and a new container with the updated value under key.

Examples

iex> Access.get_and_update([a: 1], :a, fn current_value ->
...>   {current_value, current_value + 1}
...> end)
{1, [a: 2]}

@spec key(key(), term()) ::
  access_fun(data :: struct() | map(), current_value :: term())

Returns a function that accesses the given key in a map/struct.

The returned function is typically passed as an accessor to Kernel.get_in/2, Kernel.get_and_update_in/3, and friends.

The returned function uses the default value if the key does not exist. This can be used to specify defaults and safely traverse missing keys:

iex> get_in(%{}, [Access.key(:user, %{}), Access.key(:name, "meg")])
"meg"

Such is also useful when using update functions, allowing us to introduce values as we traverse the data structure for updates:

iex> put_in(%{}, [Access.key(:user, %{}), Access.key(:name)], "Mary")
%{user: %{name: "Mary"}}

Examples

iex> map = %{user: %{name: "john"}}
iex> get_in(map, [Access.key(:unknown, %{}), Access.key(:name, "john")])
"john"
iex> get_and_update_in(map, [Access.key(:user), Access.key(:name)], fn prev ->
...>   {prev, String.upcase(prev)}
...> end)
{"john", %{user: %{name: "JOHN"}}}
iex> pop_in(map, [Access.key(:user), Access.key(:name)])
{"john", %{user: %{}}}

An error is raised if the accessed structure is not a map or a struct:

iex> get_in([], [Access.key(:foo)])
** (BadMapError) expected a map, got: []

@spec key!(key()) :: access_fun(data :: struct() | map(), current_value :: term())

Returns a function that accesses the given key in a map/struct.

The returned function is typically passed as an accessor to Kernel.get_in/2, Kernel.get_and_update_in/3, and friends.

Similar to key/2, but the returned function raises if the key does not exist.

Examples

iex> map = %{user: %{name: "john"}}
iex> get_in(map, [Access.key!(:user), Access.key!(:name)])
"john"
iex> get_and_update_in(map, [Access.key!(:user), Access.key!(:name)], fn prev ->
...>   {prev, String.upcase(prev)}
...> end)
{"john", %{user: %{name: "JOHN"}}}
iex> pop_in(map, [Access.key!(:user), Access.key!(:name)])
{"john", %{user: %{}}}
iex> get_in(map, [Access.key!(:user), Access.key!(:unknown)])
** (KeyError) key :unknown not found in: %{name: "john"}

The examples above could be partially written as:

iex> map = %{user: %{name: "john"}}
iex> map.user.name
"john"
iex> get_and_update_in(map.user.name, fn prev ->
...>   {prev, String.upcase(prev)}
...> end)
{"john", %{user: %{name: "JOHN"}}}

However, it is not possible to remove fields using the dot notation, as it is implied those fields must also be present. In any case, Access.key!/1 is useful when the key is not known in advance and must be accessed dynamically.

An error is raised if the accessed structure is not a map/struct:

iex> get_in([], [Access.key!(:foo)])
** (RuntimeError) Access.key!/1 expected a map/struct, got: []

@spec pop(data, key()) :: {value(), data} when data: container()

Removes the entry with a given key from a container (a map, keyword list, or struct that implements the Access behaviour).

Returns a tuple containing the value associated with the key and the updated container. nil is returned for the value if the key isn't in the container.

Examples

With a map:

iex> Access.pop(%{name: "Elixir", creator: "Valim"}, :name)
{"Elixir", %{creator: "Valim"}}

A keyword list:

iex> Access.pop([name: "Elixir", creator: "Valim"], :name)
{"Elixir", [creator: "Valim"]}

An unknown key:

iex> Access.pop(%{name: "Elixir", creator: "Valim"}, :year)
{nil, %{creator: "Valim", name: "Elixir"}}

@spec slice(Range.t()) :: access_fun(data :: list(), current_value :: list())

Returns a function that accesses all items of a list that are within the provided range.

The range will be normalized following the same rules from Enum.slice/2.

The returned function is typically passed as an accessor to Kernel.get_in/2, Kernel.get_and_update_in/3, and friends.

Examples

iex> list = [%{name: "john", salary: 10}, %{name: "francine", salary: 30}, %{name: "vitor", salary: 25}]
iex> get_in(list, [Access.slice(1..2), :name])
["francine", "vitor"]
iex> get_and_update_in(list, [Access.slice(1..3//2), :name], fn prev ->
...>   {prev, String.upcase(prev)}
...> end)
{["francine"], [%{name: "john", salary: 10}, %{name: "FRANCINE", salary: 30}, %{name: "vitor", salary: 25}]}

slice/1 can also be used to pop elements out of a list or a key inside of a list:

iex> list = [%{name: "john", salary: 10}, %{name: "francine", salary: 30}, %{name: "vitor", salary: 25}]
iex> pop_in(list, [Access.slice(-2..-1)])
{[%{name: "francine", salary: 30}, %{name: "vitor", salary: 25}], [%{name: "john", salary: 10}]}
iex> pop_in(list, [Access.slice(-2..-1), :name])
{["francine", "vitor"], [%{name: "john", salary: 10}, %{salary: 30}, %{salary: 25}]}

When no match is found, an empty list is returned and the update function is never called

iex> list = [%{name: "john", salary: 10}, %{name: "francine", salary: 30}, %{name: "vitor", salary: 25}]
iex> get_in(list, [Access.slice(5..10//2), :name])
[]
iex> get_and_update_in(list, [Access.slice(5..10//2), :name], fn prev ->
...>   {prev, String.upcase(prev)}
...> end)
{[], [%{name: "john", salary: 10}, %{name: "francine", salary: 30}, %{name: "vitor", salary: 25}]}

An error is raised if the accessed structure is not a list:

iex> get_in(%{}, [Access.slice(2..10//3)])
** (ArgumentError) Access.slice/1 expected a list, got: %{}

An error is raised if the step of the range is negative:

iex> get_in([], [Access.slice(2..10//-1)])
** (ArgumentError) Access.slice/1 does not accept ranges with negative steps, got: 2..10//-1