Elixir v1.2.6 String

A String in Elixir is a UTF-8 encoded binary.

Codepoints and graphemes

The functions in this module act according to the Unicode Standard, version 6.3.0.

As per the standard, a codepoint is a single Unicode Character, which may be represented by one or more bytes.

For example, the codepoint “é” is two bytes:

iex> byte_size("é")
2

However, this module returns the proper length:

iex> String.length("é")
1

Furthermore, this module also presents the concept of graphemes. A single grapheme can consist of multiple codepoints that may be perceived as a single character by readers. For example, the “é” grapheme can be represented either as a single “e with acute” codepoint (like above), or as the letter “e” followed by a “combining acute accent” (two codepoints):

iex> string = "\u0065\u0301"
iex> byte_size(string)
3
iex> String.length(string)
1
iex> String.codepoints(string)
["e", "́"]
iex> String.graphemes(string)
["é"]

Although the example above is made of two characters, it is perceived by users as one.

Graphemes can also be two characters that are interpreted as one by some languages. For example, some languages may consider “ch” as a grapheme. However, since this information depends on the locale, it is not taken into account by this module.

In general, the functions in this module rely on the Unicode Standard, but do not contain any of the locale specific behaviour.

More information about graphemes can be found in the Unicode Standard Annex #29. The current Elixir version implements Extended Grapheme Cluster algorithm.

String and binary operations

To act according to the Unicode Standard, many functions in this module run in linear time, as they need to traverse the whole string considering the proper Unicode codepoints.

For example, String.length/1 will take longer as the input grows. On the other hand, Kernel.byte_size/1 always runs in constant time (i.e. regardless of the input size).

This means often there are performance costs in using the functions in this module, compared to the more low-level operations that work directly with binaries:

There are many situations where using the String module can be avoided in favor of binary functions or pattern matching. For example, imagine you have a string prefix and you want to remove this prefix from another string named full.

One may be tempted to write:

iex> take_prefix = fn full, prefix ->
...>   base = String.length(prefix)
...>   String.slice(full, base, String.length(full) - base)
...> end
iex> take_prefix.("Mr. John", "Mr. ")
"John"

Although the function above works, it performs poorly. To calculate the length of the string, we need to traverse it fully, so we traverse both prefix and full strings, then slice the full one, traversing it again.

A first attempt at improving it could be with ranges:

iex> take_prefix = fn full, prefix ->
...>   base = String.length(prefix)
...>   String.slice(full, base..-1)
...> end
iex> take_prefix.("Mr. John", "Mr. ")
"John"

While this is much better (we don’t traverse full twice), it could still be improved. In this case, since we want to extract a substring from a string, we can use byte_size/1 and binary_part/3 as there is no chance we will slice in the middle of a codepoint made of more than one byte:

iex> take_prefix = fn full, prefix ->
...>   base = byte_size(prefix)
...>   binary_part(full, base, byte_size(full) - base)
...> end
iex> take_prefix.("Mr. John", "Mr. ")
"John"

Or simply use pattern matching:

iex> take_prefix = fn full, prefix ->
...>   base = byte_size(prefix)
...>   <<_::binary-size(base), rest::binary>> = full
...>   rest
...> end
iex> take_prefix.("Mr. John", "Mr. ")
"John"

On the other hand, if you want to dynamically slice a string based on an integer value, then using String.slice/3 is the best option as it guarantees we won’t incorrectly split a valid codepoint into multiple bytes.

Integer codepoints

Although codepoints could be represented as integers, this module represents all codepoints as strings. For example:

iex> String.codepoints("olá")
["o", "l", "á"]

There are a couple of ways to retrieve a character integer codepoint. One may use the ? construct:

iex> ?o
111

iex> ?á
225

Or also via pattern matching:

iex> <<eacute::utf8>> = "á"
iex> eacute
225

As we have seen above, codepoints can be inserted into a string by their hexadecimal code:

"ol\u0061\u0301" #=>
"olá"

Self-synchronization

The UTF-8 encoding is self-synchronizing. This means that if malformed data (i.e., data that is not possible according to the definition of the encoding) is encountered, only one codepoint needs to be rejected.

This module relies on this behaviour to ignore such invalid characters. For example, length/1 will return a correct result even if an invalid codepoint is fed into it.

In other words, this module expects invalid data to be detected when retrieving data from the external source. For example, a driver that reads strings from a database will be responsible to check the validity of the encoding.

Patterns

Many functions in this module work with patterns. For example, String.split/2 can split a string into multiple patterns given a pattern. This pattern can be a string, a list of strings or a compiled pattern:

iex> String.split("foo bar", " ")
["foo", "bar"]

iex> String.split("foo bar!", [" ", "!"])
["foo", "bar", ""]

iex> pattern = :binary.compile_pattern([" ", "!"])
iex> String.split("foo bar!", pattern)
["foo", "bar", ""]

The compiled pattern is useful when the same match will be done over and over again. Note though the compiled pattern cannot be stored in a module attribute as the pattern is generated at runtime and does not survive compile term.

Summary

Functions

Returns the grapheme at the position of the given utf8 string. If position is greater than string length, then it returns nil

Converts the first character in the given string to uppercase and the remainder to lowercase

Splits the string into chunks of characters that share a common trait

Returns all codepoints in the string

Checks if string contains any of the given contents

Converts all characters in the given string to lowercase

Returns a binary subject duplicated n times

Returns true if string ends with any of the suffixes given, otherwise returns false. suffixes can be either a single suffix or a list of suffixes

Returns true if binary is canonically equivalent to ‘another_binary’

Returns the first grapheme from a utf8 string, nil if the string is empty

Returns Unicode graphemes in the string as per Extended Grapheme Cluster algorithm outlined in the Unicode Standard Annex #29, Unicode Text Segmentation

Returns a float value between 0 (equates to no similarity) and 1 (is an exact match) representing Jaro distance between string1 and string2

Returns the last grapheme from a utf8 string, nil if the string is empty

Returns the number of Unicode graphemes in a utf8 string

Returns a new string of length len with subject left justified and padded with padding. If padding is not present, it defaults to whitespace. When len is less than the length of subject, subject is returned

Returns a string where all leading Unicode whitespaces have been removed

Returns a string where all leading chars have been removed

Checks if string matches the given regular expression

Returns the next codepoint in a String

Returns the next grapheme in a string

Returns the size of the next grapheme

Converts all characters in binary to Unicode normalization form identified by form

Checks if a string is printable considering it is encoded as UTF-8. Returns true if so, false otherwise

Returns a new string created by replacing occurences of pattern in subject with replacement

Replaces all leading occurences of match by replacement of match in string

Replaces prefix in string by replacement if it matches match

Replaces suffix in string by replacement if it matches match

Replaces all trailing occurences of match by replacement in string

Reverses the graphemes in given string

Returns a new string of length len with subject right justified and padded with padding. If padding is not present, it defaults to whitespace. When len is less than the length of subject, subject is returned

Returns a string where all trailing Unicode whitespaces has been removed

Returns a string where all trailing chars have been removed

Returns a substring from the offset given by the start of the range to the offset given by the end of the range

Returns a substring starting at the offset start, and of length len

Divides a string into substrings at each Unicode whitespace occurrence with leading and trailing whitespace ignored. Groups of whitespace are treated as a single occurrence. Divisions do not occur on non-breaking whitespace

Divides a string into substrings based on a pattern

Splits a string into two at the specified offset. When the offset given is negative, location is counted from the end of the string

Splits a string on demand

Returns true if string starts with any of the prefixes given, otherwise returns false. prefixes can be either a single prefix or a list of prefixes

Returns a string where all leading and trailing Unicode whitespaces have been removed

Returns a string where all leading and trailing chars have been removed

Converts a string to an atom

Converts a string into a char list

Converts a string to an existing atom

Returns a float whose text representation is string

Returns an integer whose text representation is string

Returns an integer whose text representation is string in base base

Converts all characters in the given string to uppercase

Checks whether string contains only valid characters

Checks whether string is a valid character

Types

codepoint()
codepoint() :: t
grapheme()
grapheme() :: t
pattern()
pattern() :: t | [t] | :binary.cp
t()
t() :: binary

Functions

at(string, position)
at(t, integer) :: grapheme | nil

Returns the grapheme at the position of the given utf8 string. If position is greater than string length, then it returns nil.

Examples

iex> String.at("elixir", 0)
"e"

iex> String.at("elixir", 1)
"l"

iex> String.at("elixir", 10)
nil

iex> String.at("elixir", -1)
"r"

iex> String.at("elixir", -10)
nil
capitalize(string)
capitalize(t) :: t

Converts the first character in the given string to uppercase and the remainder to lowercase.

This relies on the titlecase information provided by the Unicode Standard. Note this function makes no attempt to capitalize all words in the string (usually known as titlecase).

Examples

iex> String.capitalize("abcd")
"Abcd"

iex> String.capitalize("fin")
"Fin"

iex> String.capitalize("olá")
"Olá"
chunk(string, trait)
chunk(t, :valid | :printable) :: [t]

Splits the string into chunks of characters that share a common trait.

The trait can be one of two options:

  • :valid - the string is split into chunks of valid and invalid character sequences

  • :printable - the string is split into chunks of printable and non-printable character sequences

Returns a list of binaries each of which contains only one kind of characters.

If the given string is empty, an empty list is returned.

Examples

iex> String.chunk(<<?a, ?b, ?c, 0>>, :valid)
["abc\0"]

iex> String.chunk(<<?a, ?b, ?c, 0, 0x0ffff::utf8>>, :valid)
["abc\0", <<0x0ffff::utf8>>]

iex> String.chunk(<<?a, ?b, ?c, 0, 0x0ffff::utf8>>, :printable)
["abc", <<0, 0x0ffff::utf8>>]
codepoints(string)
codepoints(t) :: [codepoint]

Returns all codepoints in the string.

For details about codepoints and graphemes, see the String module documentation.

Examples

iex> String.codepoints("olá")
["o", "l", "á"]

iex> String.codepoints("оптими зации")
["о", "п", "т", "и", "м", "и", " ", "з", "а", "ц", "и", "и"]

iex> String.codepoints("ἅἪῼ")
["ἅ", "Ἢ", "ῼ"]

iex> String.codepoints("é")
["é"]

iex> String.codepoints("é")
["e", "́"]
contains?(string, contents)
contains?(t, pattern) :: boolean

Checks if string contains any of the given contents.

contents can be either a single string or a list of strings.

Examples

iex> String.contains? "elixir of life", "of"
true

iex> String.contains? "elixir of life", ["life", "death"]
true

iex> String.contains? "elixir of life", ["death", "mercury"]
false

The argument can also be a precompiled pattern:

iex> pattern = :binary.compile_pattern(["life", "death"])
iex> String.contains? "elixir of life", pattern
true
downcase(binary)
downcase(t) :: t

Converts all characters in the given string to lowercase.

Examples

iex> String.downcase("ABCD")
"abcd"

iex> String.downcase("AB 123 XPTO")
"ab 123 xpto"

iex> String.downcase("OLÁ")
"olá"
duplicate(subject, n)
duplicate(t, non_neg_integer) :: t

Returns a binary subject duplicated n times.

Examples

iex> String.duplicate("abc", 0)
""

iex> String.duplicate("abc", 1)
"abc"

iex> String.duplicate("abc", 2)
"abcabc"
ends_with?(string, suffixes)
ends_with?(t, t | [t]) :: boolean

Returns true if string ends with any of the suffixes given, otherwise returns false. suffixes can be either a single suffix or a list of suffixes.

Examples

iex> String.ends_with? "language", "age"
true

iex> String.ends_with? "language", ["youth", "age"]
true

iex> String.ends_with? "language", ["youth", "elixir"]
false
equivalent?(left, right)
equivalent?(t, t) :: boolean

Returns true if binary is canonically equivalent to ‘another_binary’.

It performs Normalization Form Canonical Decomposition (NFD) on the strings before comparing them. This function is equivalent to:

String.normalize(left, :nfd) == String.normalize(right, :nfd)

Therefore, if you plan to compare multiple strings, multiple times in a row, you may normalize them upfront and compare them directly to avoid multiple normalization passes.

Examples

iex> String.equivalent?("abc", "abc")
true

iex> String.equivalent?("man\u0303ana", "mañana")
true

iex> String.equivalent?("abc", "ABC")
false

iex> String.equivalent?("nø", "nó")
false
first(string)
first(t) :: grapheme | nil

Returns the first grapheme from a utf8 string, nil if the string is empty.

Examples

iex> String.first("elixir")
"e"

iex> String.first("եոգլի")
"ե"
graphemes(string)
graphemes(t) :: [grapheme]

Returns Unicode graphemes in the string as per Extended Grapheme Cluster algorithm outlined in the Unicode Standard Annex #29, Unicode Text Segmentation.

For details about codepoints and graphemes, see the String module documentation.

Examples

iex> String.graphemes("Ńaïve")
["Ń", "a", "ï", "v", "e"]

iex> String.graphemes("é")
["é"]

iex> String.graphemes("é")
["é"]
jaro_distance(string1, string2)
jaro_distance(t, t) :: float

Returns a float value between 0 (equates to no similarity) and 1 (is an exact match) representing Jaro distance between string1 and string2.

The Jaro distance metric is designed and best suited for short strings such as person names.

Examples

iex> String.jaro_distance("dwayne", "duane")
0.8222222222222223
iex> String.jaro_distance("even", "odd")
0.0
last(string)
last(t) :: grapheme | nil

Returns the last grapheme from a utf8 string, nil if the string is empty.

Examples

iex> String.last("elixir")
"r"

iex> String.last("եոգլի")
"ի"
length(string)
length(t) :: non_neg_integer

Returns the number of Unicode graphemes in a utf8 string.

Examples

iex> String.length("elixir")
6

iex> String.length("եոգլի")
5
ljust(subject, len, pad \\ 32)
ljust(t, non_neg_integer, char) :: t

Returns a new string of length len with subject left justified and padded with padding. If padding is not present, it defaults to whitespace. When len is less than the length of subject, subject is returned.

Examples

iex> String.ljust("abc", 5)
"abc  "

iex> String.ljust("abc", 5, ?-)
"abc--"
lstrip(binary)

Returns a string where all leading Unicode whitespaces have been removed.

Examples

iex> String.lstrip("   abc  ")
"abc  "
lstrip(string, char)
lstrip(t, char) :: t

Returns a string where all leading chars have been removed.

Examples

iex> String.lstrip("_  abc  _", ?_)
"  abc  _"
match?(string, regex)
match?(t, Regex.t) :: boolean

Checks if string matches the given regular expression.

Examples

iex> String.match?("foo", ~r/foo/)
true

iex> String.match?("bar", ~r/foo/)
false
next_codepoint(string)
next_codepoint(t) :: {codepoint, t} | nil

Returns the next codepoint in a String.

The result is a tuple with the codepoint and the remainder of the string or nil in case the string reached its end.

As with other functions in the String module, this function does not check for the validity of the codepoint. That said, if an invalid codepoint is found, it will be returned by this function.

Examples

iex> String.next_codepoint("olá")
{"o", "lá"}
next_grapheme(binary)
next_grapheme(t) :: {grapheme, t} | nil

Returns the next grapheme in a string.

The result is a tuple with the grapheme and the remainder of the string or nil in case the String reached its end.

Examples

iex> String.next_grapheme("olá")
{"o", "lá"}
next_grapheme_size(string)
next_grapheme_size(t) :: {pos_integer, t} | nil

Returns the size of the next grapheme.

The result is a tuple with the next grapheme size and the remainder of the string or nil in case the string reached its end.

Examples

iex> String.next_grapheme_size("olá")
{1, "lá"}
normalize(string, form)
normalize(t, atom) :: t

Converts all characters in binary to Unicode normalization form identified by form.

Forms

The supported forms are:

  • :nfd - Normalization Form Canonical Decomposition. Characters are decomposed by canonical equivalence, and multiple combining characters are arranged in a specific order.

  • :nfc - Normalization Form Canonical Composition. Characters are decomposed and then recomposed by canonical equivalence.

Examples

iex> String.normalize("yêṩ", :nfd)
"yêṩ"

iex> String.normalize("leña", :nfc)
"leña"
printable?(string)
printable?(t) :: boolean

Checks if a string is printable considering it is encoded as UTF-8. Returns true if so, false otherwise.

Examples

iex> String.printable?("abc")
true
replace(subject, pattern, replacement, options \\ [])
replace(t, pattern | Regex.t, t, Keyword.t) :: t

Returns a new string created by replacing occurences of pattern in subject with replacement.

By default, it replaces all occurences, unless the global option is set to false, where it will only replace the first one

The pattern may be a string or a regular expression.

Examples

iex> String.replace("a,b,c", ",", "-")
"a-b-c"

iex> String.replace("a,b,c", ",", "-", global: false)
"a-b,c"

When the pattern is a regular expression, one can give \N or \g{N} in the replacement string to access a specific capture in the regular expression:

iex> String.replace("a,b,c", ~r/,(.)/, ",\\1\\g{1}")
"a,bb,cc"

Notice we had to escape the escape character \. By giving \0, one can inject the whole matched pattern in the replacement string. When the pattern is a string, a developer can use the replaced part inside the replacement by using the :insert_replace option and specifying the position(s) inside the replacement where the string pattern will be inserted: iex> String.replace(“a,b,c”, “b”, “[]“, insert_replaced: 1) “a,[b],c” iex> String.replace(“a,b,c”, “,”, “[]“, insert_replaced: 2) “a[],b[],c” iex> String.replace(“a,b,c”, “,”, “[]“, insert_replaced: [1, 1]) “a[,,]b[,,]c” If any position given in the :insert_replace option is larger than the replacement string, or is negative, an ArgumentError is raised.

replace_leading(string, match, replacement)

Replaces all leading occurences of match by replacement of match in string.

Returns the string untouched if there are no occurrences.

Examples

iex> String.replace_leading("hello world", "hello ", "")
"world"
iex> String.replace_leading("hello hello world", "hello ", "")
"world"

iex> String.replace_leading("hello world", "hello ", "ola ")
"ola world"
iex> String.replace_leading("hello hello world", "hello ", "ola ")
"ola ola world"
replace_prefix(string, match, replacement)

Replaces prefix in string by replacement if it matches match.

Returns the string untouched if there is no match.

Examples

iex> String.replace_prefix("world", "hello ", "")
"world"
iex> String.replace_prefix("hello world", "hello ", "")
"world"
iex> String.replace_prefix("hello hello world", "hello ", "")
"hello world"

iex> String.replace_prefix("world", "hello ", "ola ")
"world"
iex> String.replace_prefix("hello world", "hello ", "ola ")
"ola world"
iex> String.replace_prefix("hello hello world", "hello ", "ola ")
"ola hello world"
replace_suffix(string, match, replacement)

Replaces suffix in string by replacement if it matches match.

Returns the string untouched if there is no match.

Examples

iex> String.replace_suffix("hello", " world", "")
"hello"
iex> String.replace_suffix("hello world", " world", "")
"hello"
iex> String.replace_suffix("hello world world", " world", "")
"hello world"

iex> String.replace_suffix("hello", " world", " mundo")
"hello"
iex> String.replace_suffix("hello world", " world", " mundo")
"hello mundo"
iex> String.replace_suffix("hello world world", " world", " mundo")
"hello world mundo"
replace_trailing(string, match, replacement)

Replaces all trailing occurences of match by replacement in string.

Returns the string untouched if there are no occurrences.

Examples

iex> String.replace_trailing("hello world", " world", "")
"hello"
iex> String.replace_trailing("hello world world", " world", "")
"hello"

iex> String.replace_trailing("hello world", " world", " mundo")
"hello mundo"
iex> String.replace_trailing("hello world world", " world", " mundo")
"hello mundo mundo"
reverse(string)
reverse(t) :: t

Reverses the graphemes in given string.

Examples

iex> String.reverse("abcd")
"dcba"

iex> String.reverse("hello world")
"dlrow olleh"

iex> String.reverse("hello ∂og")
"go∂ olleh"

Keep in mind reversing the same string twice does not necessarily yield the original string:

iex> "̀e"
"̀e"
iex> String.reverse("̀e")
"è"
iex> String.reverse String.reverse("̀e")
"è"

In the first example the accent is before the vowel, so it is considered two graphemes. However, when you reverse it once, you have the vowel followed by the accent, which becomes one grapheme. Reversing it again will keep it as one single grapheme.

rjust(subject, len, pad \\ 32)
rjust(t, non_neg_integer, char) :: t

Returns a new string of length len with subject right justified and padded with padding. If padding is not present, it defaults to whitespace. When len is less than the length of subject, subject is returned.

Examples

iex> String.rjust("abc", 5)
"  abc"

iex> String.rjust("abc", 5, ?-)
"--abc"
rstrip(binary)
rstrip(t) :: t

Returns a string where all trailing Unicode whitespaces has been removed.

Examples

iex> String.rstrip("   abc  ")
"   abc"
rstrip(string, char)
rstrip(t, char) :: t

Returns a string where all trailing chars have been removed.

Examples

iex> String.rstrip("   abc _", ?_)
"   abc "
slice(string, range)
slice(t, Range.t) :: t

Returns a substring from the offset given by the start of the range to the offset given by the end of the range.

If the start of the range is not a valid offset for the given string or if the range is in reverse order, returns "".

If the start or end of the range is negative, the whole string is traversed first in order to convert the negative indices into positive ones.

Remember this function works with Unicode codepoints and considers the slices to represent codepoints offsets. If you want to split on raw bytes, check Kernel.binary_part/3 instead.

Examples

iex> String.slice("elixir", 1..3)
"lix"

iex> String.slice("elixir", 1..10)
"lixir"

iex> String.slice("elixir", 10..3)
""

iex> String.slice("elixir", -4..-1)
"ixir"

iex> String.slice("elixir", 2..-1)
"ixir"

iex> String.slice("elixir", -4..6)
"ixir"

iex> String.slice("elixir", -1..-4)
""

iex> String.slice("elixir", -10..-7)
""

iex> String.slice("a", 0..1500)
"a"

iex> String.slice("a", 1..1500)
""
slice(string, start, len)
slice(t, integer, integer) :: grapheme

Returns a substring starting at the offset start, and of length len.

If the offset is greater than string length, then it returns "".

Remember this function works with Unicode graphemes and considers the slices to represent grapheme offsets. If you want to split on raw bytes, check Kernel.binary_part/3 instead.

Examples

iex> String.slice("elixir", 1, 3)
"lix"

iex> String.slice("elixir", 1, 10)
"lixir"

iex> String.slice("elixir", 10, 3)
""

iex> String.slice("elixir", -4, 4)
"ixir"

iex> String.slice("elixir", -10, 3)
""

iex> String.slice("a", 0, 1500)
"a"

iex> String.slice("a", 1, 1500)
""

iex> String.slice("a", 2, 1500)
""
split(binary)
split(t) :: [t]

Divides a string into substrings at each Unicode whitespace occurrence with leading and trailing whitespace ignored. Groups of whitespace are treated as a single occurrence. Divisions do not occur on non-breaking whitespace.

Examples

iex> String.split("foo bar")
["foo", "bar"]

iex> String.split("foo" <> <<194, 133>> <> "bar")
["foo", "bar"]

iex> String.split(" foo bar ")
["foo", "bar"]

iex> String.split("no\u00a0break")
["no\u00a0break"]
split(string, pattern, options \\ [])
split(t, pattern | Regex.t, Keyword.t) :: [t]

Divides a string into substrings based on a pattern.

Returns a list of these substrings. The pattern can be a string, a list of strings or a regular expression.

The string is split into as many parts as possible by default, but can be controlled via the parts: num option. If you pass parts: :infinity, it will return all possible parts (being this one the default behaviour).

Empty strings are only removed from the result if the trim option is set to true (default is false).

Examples

Splitting with a string pattern:

iex> String.split("a,b,c", ",")
["a", "b", "c"]

iex> String.split("a,b,c", ",", parts: 2)
["a", "b,c"]

iex> String.split(" a b c ", " ", trim: true)
["a", "b", "c"]

A list of patterns:

iex> String.split("1,2 3,4", [" ", ","])
["1", "2", "3", "4"]

A regular expression:

iex> String.split("a,b,c", ~r{,})
["a", "b", "c"]

iex> String.split("a,b,c", ~r{,}, parts: 2)
["a", "b,c"]

iex> String.split(" a b c ", ~r{\s}, trim: true)
["a", "b", "c"]

Splitting on empty patterns returns graphemes:

iex> String.split("abc", ~r{})
["a", "b", "c", ""]

iex> String.split("abc", "")
["a", "b", "c", ""]

iex> String.split("abc", "", trim: true)
["a", "b", "c"]

iex> String.split("abc", "", parts: 2)
["a", "bc"]

A precompiled pattern can also be given:

iex> pattern = :binary.compile_pattern([" ", ","])
iex> String.split("1,2 3,4", pattern)
["1", "2", "3", "4"]
split_at(string, position)
split_at(t, integer) :: {t, t}

Splits a string into two at the specified offset. When the offset given is negative, location is counted from the end of the string.

The offset is capped to the length of the string. Returns a tuple with two elements.

Note: keep in mind this function splits on graphemes and for such it has to linearly traverse the string. If you want to split a string or a binary based on the number of bytes, use Kernel.binary_part/3 instead.

Examples

iex> String.split_at "sweetelixir", 5
{"sweet", "elixir"}

iex> String.split_at "sweetelixir", -6
{"sweet", "elixir"}

iex> String.split_at "abc", 0
{"", "abc"}

iex> String.split_at "abc", 1000
{"abc", ""}

iex> String.split_at "abc", -1000
{"", "abc"}
splitter(string, pattern, options \\ [])
splitter(t, pattern, Keyword.t) :: Enumerable.t

Splits a string on demand.

Returns an enumerable that splits the string on demand, instead of splitting all data upfront.

Note splitter does not support regular expressions (as it is often more efficient to have the regular expressions traverse the string at once than in multiple passes).

Options

  • :trim - when true, does not emit empty patterns
starts_with?(string, prefix)
starts_with?(t, t | [t]) :: boolean

Returns true if string starts with any of the prefixes given, otherwise returns false. prefixes can be either a single prefix or a list of prefixes.

Examples

iex> String.starts_with? "elixir", "eli"
true

iex> String.starts_with? "elixir", ["erlang", "elixir"]
true

iex> String.starts_with? "elixir", ["erlang", "ruby"]
false
strip(string)
strip(t) :: t

Returns a string where all leading and trailing Unicode whitespaces have been removed.

Examples

iex> String.strip("   abc  ")
"abc"
strip(string, char)
strip(t, char) :: t

Returns a string where all leading and trailing chars have been removed.

Examples

iex> String.strip("a  abc  a", ?a)
"  abc  "
to_atom(string)
to_atom(String.t) :: atom

Converts a string to an atom.

Currently Elixir does not support the conversion of strings that contain Unicode codepoints greater than 0xFF.

Inlined by the compiler.

Examples

iex> String.to_atom("my_atom")
:my_atom
to_char_list(string)
to_char_list(t) :: char_list

Converts a string into a char list.

Specifically, this functions takes a UTF-8 encoded binary and returns a list of its integer codepoints. It is similar to codepoints/1 except that the latter returns a list of codepoints as strings.

In case you need to work with bytes, take a look at the :binary module.

Examples

iex> String.to_char_list("æß")
'æß'
to_existing_atom(string)
to_existing_atom(String.t) :: atom

Converts a string to an existing atom.

Currently Elixir does not support the conversion of strings that contain Unicode codepoints greater than 0xFF.

Inlined by the compiler.

Examples

iex> _ = :my_atom
iex> String.to_existing_atom("my_atom")
:my_atom

iex> String.to_existing_atom("this_atom_will_never_exist")
** (ArgumentError) argument error
to_float(string)
to_float(String.t) :: float

Returns a float whose text representation is string.

string must be the string representation of a float. If a string representation of an integer wants to be used, then Float.parse/1 should be used instead, otherwise an argument error will be raised.

Inlined by the compiler.

Examples

iex> String.to_float("2.2017764e+0")
2.2017764

iex> String.to_float("3.0")
3.0
to_integer(string)
to_integer(String.t) :: integer

Returns an integer whose text representation is string.

Inlined by the compiler.

Examples

iex> String.to_integer("123")
123
to_integer(string, base)
to_integer(String.t, 2..36) :: integer

Returns an integer whose text representation is string in base base.

Inlined by the compiler.

Examples

iex> String.to_integer("3FF", 16)
1023
upcase(binary)
upcase(t) :: t

Converts all characters in the given string to uppercase.

Examples

iex> String.upcase("abcd")
"ABCD"

iex> String.upcase("ab 123 xpto")
"AB 123 XPTO"

iex> String.upcase("olá")
"OLÁ"
valid?(string)
valid?(t) :: boolean

Checks whether string contains only valid characters.

Examples

iex> String.valid?("a")
true

iex> String.valid?("ø")
true

iex> String.valid?(<<0xffff :: 16>>)
false

iex> String.valid?("asd" <> <<0xffff :: 16>>)
false
valid_character?(codepoint)
valid_character?(t) :: boolean

Checks whether string is a valid character.

All characters are codepoints, but some codepoints are not valid characters. They may be reserved, private, or other.

More info at: Non-characters – Wikipedia

Examples

iex> String.valid_character?("a")
true

iex> String.valid_character?("ø")
true

iex> String.valid_character?("\uFFFF")
false