View Source Mox (Mox v1.2.0)

Mox is a library for defining concurrent mocks in Elixir.

The library follows the principles outlined in "Mocks and explicit contracts", summarized below:

  1. No ad-hoc mocks. You can only create mocks based on behaviours

  2. No dynamic generation of modules during tests. Mocks are preferably defined in your test_helper.exs or in a setup_all block and not per test

  3. Concurrency support. Tests using the same mock can still use async: true

  4. Rely on pattern matching and function clauses for asserting on the input instead of complex expectation rules

Example

Imagine that you have an app that has to display the weather. At first, you use an external API to give you the data given a lat/long pair:

defmodule MyApp.HumanizedWeather do
  def display_temp({lat, long}) do
    {:ok, temp} = MyApp.WeatherAPI.temp({lat, long})
    "Current temperature is #{temp} degrees"
  end

  def display_humidity({lat, long}) do
    {:ok, humidity} = MyApp.WeatherAPI.humidity({lat, long})
    "Current humidity is #{humidity}%"
  end
end

However, you want to test the code above without performing external API calls. How to do so?

First, it is important to define the WeatherAPI behaviour that we want to mock. And we will define a proxy function that will dispatch to the desired implementation:

defmodule MyApp.WeatherAPI do
  @callback temp(MyApp.LatLong.t()) :: {:ok, integer()}
  @callback humidity(MyApp.LatLong.t()) :: {:ok, integer()}

  def temp(lat_long), do: impl().temp(lat_long)
  def humidity(lat_long), do: impl().humidity(lat_long)
  defp impl, do: Application.get_env(:my_app, :weather, MyApp.ExternalWeatherAPI)
end

By default, we will dispatch to MyApp.ExternalWeatherAPI, which now contains the external API implementation.

If you want to mock the WeatherAPI behaviour during tests, the first step is to define the mock with defmock/2, usually in your test_helper.exs, and configure your application to use it:

Mox.defmock(MyApp.MockWeatherAPI, for: MyApp.WeatherAPI)
Application.put_env(:my_app, :weather, MyApp.MockWeatherAPI)

Now in your tests, you can define expectations with expect/4 and verify them via verify_on_exit!/1:

defmodule MyApp.HumanizedWeatherTest do
  use ExUnit.Case, async: true

  import Mox

  # Make sure mocks are verified when the test exits
  setup :verify_on_exit!

  test "gets and formats temperature and humidity" do
    MyApp.MockWeatherAPI
    |> expect(:temp, fn {_lat, _long} -> {:ok, 30} end)
    |> expect(:humidity, fn {_lat, _long} -> {:ok, 60} end)

    assert MyApp.HumanizedWeather.display_temp({50.06, 19.94}) ==
             "Current temperature is 30 degrees"

    assert MyApp.HumanizedWeather.display_humidity({50.06, 19.94}) ==
             "Current humidity is 60%"
  end
end

All expectations are defined based on the current process. This means multiple tests using the same mock can still run concurrently unless the Mox is set to global mode. See the "Multi-process collaboration" section.

One last note, if the mock is used throughout the test suite, you might want the implementation to fall back to a stub (or actual) implementation when no expectations are defined. You can use stub_with/2 in a case template that is used throughout your test suite:

defmodule MyApp.Case do
  use ExUnit.CaseTemplate

  setup _ do
    Mox.stub_with(MyApp.MockWeatherAPI, MyApp.StubWeatherAPI)
    :ok
  end
end

Now, for every test case that uses ExUnit.Case, it can use MyApp.Case instead. Then, if no expectations are defined it will call the implementation in MyApp.StubWeatherAPI.

Multiple behaviours

Mox supports defining mocks for multiple behaviours.

Suppose your library also defines a behaviour for getting past weather:

defmodule MyApp.PastWeather do
  @callback past_temp(MyApp.LatLong.t(), DateTime.t()) :: {:ok, integer()}
end

You can mock both the weather and past weather behaviour:

Mox.defmock(MyApp.MockWeatherAPI, for: [MyApp.Weather, MyApp.PastWeather])

Compile-time requirements

If the mock needs to be available during the project compilation, for instance because you get undefined function warnings, then instead of defining the mock in your test_helper.exs, you should instead define it under test/support/mocks.ex:

Mox.defmock(MyApp.MockWeatherAPI, for: MyApp.WeatherAPI)

Then you need to make sure that files in test/support get compiled with the rest of the project. Edit your mix.exs file to add the test/support directory to compilation paths:

def project do
  [
    ...
    elixirc_paths: elixirc_paths(Mix.env),
    ...
  ]
end

defp elixirc_paths(:test), do: ["test/support", "lib"]
defp elixirc_paths(_),     do: ["lib"]

Multi-process collaboration

Mox supports multi-process collaboration via two mechanisms:

  1. explicit allowances
  2. global mode

The allowance mechanism can still run tests concurrently while the global one doesn't. We explore both next.

Explicit allowances

An allowance permits a child process to use the expectations and stubs defined in the parent process while still being safe for async tests.

test "invokes add and mult from a task" do
  MyApp.MockWeatherAPI
  |> expect(:temp, fn _loc -> {:ok, 30} end)
  |> expect(:humidity, fn _loc -> {:ok, 60} end)

  parent_pid = self()

  Task.async(fn ->
    MyApp.MockWeatherAPI |> allow(parent_pid, self())

    assert MyApp.HumanizedWeather.display_temp({50.06, 19.94}) ==
             "Current temperature is 30 degrees"

    assert MyApp.HumanizedWeather.display_humidity({50.06, 19.94}) ==
             "Current humidity is 60%"
  end)
  |> Task.await
end

Note: if you're running on Elixir 1.8.0 or greater and your concurrency comes from a Task then you don't need to add explicit allowances. Instead $callers is used to determine the process that actually defined the expectations.

Explicit allowances as lazy/deferred functions

Under some circumstances, the process might not have been already started when the allowance happens. In such a case, you might specify the allowance as a function in the form (-> pid()). This function would be resolved late, at the very moment of dispatch. If the function does not return an existing PID, Mox will raise a Mox.UnexpectedCallError exception.

Global mode

Mox supports global mode, where any process can consume mocks and stubs defined in your tests. set_mox_from_context/0 automatically calls set_mox_global/1 but only if the test context doesn't include async: true.

By default the mode is :private.

setup :set_mox_from_context
setup :verify_on_exit!

test "invokes add and mult from a task" do
  MyApp.MockWeatherAPI
  |> expect(:temp, fn _loc -> {:ok, 30} end)
  |> expect(:humidity, fn _loc -> {:ok, 60} end)

  Task.async(fn ->
    assert MyApp.HumanizedWeather.display_temp({50.06, 19.94}) ==
              "Current temperature is 30 degrees"

    assert MyApp.HumanizedWeather.display_humidity({50.06, 19.94}) ==
              "Current humidity is 60%"
  end)
  |> Task.await
end

Blocking on expectations

If your mock is called in a different process than the test process, in some cases there is a chance that the test will finish executing before it has a chance to call the mock and meet the expectations. Imagine this:

test "calling a mock from a different process" do
  expect(MyApp.MockWeatherAPI, :temp, fn _loc -> {:ok, 30} end)

  spawn(fn -> MyApp.HumanizedWeather.temp({50.06, 19.94}) end)

  verify!()
end

The test above has a race condition because there is a chance that the verify!/0 call will happen before the spawned process calls the mock. In most cases, you don't control the spawning of the process so you can't simply monitor the process to know when it dies in order to avoid this race condition. In those cases, the way to go is to "sync up" with the process that calls the mock by sending a message to the test process from the expectation and using that to know when the expectation has been called.

test "calling a mock from a different process" do
  parent = self()
  ref = make_ref()

  expect(MyApp.MockWeatherAPI, :temp, fn _loc ->
    send(parent, {ref, :temp})
    {:ok, 30}
  end)

  spawn(fn -> MyApp.HumanizedWeather.temp({50.06, 19.94}) end)

  assert_receive {^ref, :temp}

  verify!()
end

This way, we'll wait until the expectation is called before calling verify!/0.

Summary

Types

t()

A mock module.

Functions

Allows other processes to share expectations and stubs defined by owner process.

Defines a mock with the given name :for the given behaviour(s).

Ensures that name/arity in mock is not invoked.

Expects the name in mock with arity given by code to be invoked n times.

Chooses the Mox mode based on context.

Sets the Mox to global mode.

Sets the Mox to private mode.

Allows the name in mock with arity given by code to be invoked zero or many times.

Stubs all functions described by the shared behaviours in the mock and module.

Verifies that all expectations set by the current process have been called.

Verifies that all expectations in mock have been called.

Verifies the current process after it exits.

Types

@type t() :: module()

A mock module.

This type is available since version 1.1+ of Mox.

Functions

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allow(mock, owner_pid, allowed_via)

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@spec allow(mock, pid(), term()) :: mock when mock: t()

Allows other processes to share expectations and stubs defined by owner process.

Examples

To allow child_pid to call any stubs or expectations defined for MyMock:

allow(MyMock, self(), child_pid)

allow/3 also accepts named process or via references:

allow(MyMock, self(), SomeChildProcess)

If the process is not yet started at the moment of allowance definition, it might be allowed as a function, assuming at the moment of invocation it would have been started. If the function cannot be resolved to a pid during invocation, the expectation will not succeed.

allow(MyMock, self(), fn -> GenServer.whereis(Deferred) end)
@spec defmock(mock, [option]) :: mock
when mock: t(),
     option:
       {:for, module() | [module()]}
       | {:skip_optional_callbacks, boolean()}
       | {:moduledoc, false | String.t()}

Defines a mock with the given name :for the given behaviour(s).

Mox.defmock(MyMock, for: MyBehaviour)

With multiple behaviours:

Mox.defmock(MyMock, for: [MyBehaviour, MyOtherBehaviour])

Options

  • :for - module or list of modules to define the mock module for.

  • :moduledoc - @moduledoc for the defined mock module.

  • :skip_optional_callbacks - boolean to determine whether to skip or generate optional callbacks in the mock module.

Skipping optional callbacks

By default, functions are created for all the behaviour's callbacks, including optional ones. But if for some reason you want to skip one or more of its @optional_callbacks, you can provide the list of callback names to skip (along with their arities) as :skip_optional_callbacks:

Mox.defmock(MyMock, for: MyBehaviour, skip_optional_callbacks: [on_success: 2])

This will define a new mock (MyMock) that has a defined function for each callback on MyBehaviour except for on_success/2. Note: you can only skip optional callbacks, not required callbacks.

You can also pass true to skip all optional callbacks, or false to keep the default of generating functions for all optional callbacks.

Passing @moduledoc

You can provide value for @moduledoc with :moduledoc option.

Mox.defmock(MyMock, for: MyBehaviour, moduledoc: false)
Mox.defmock(MyMock, for: MyBehaviour, moduledoc: "My mock module.")
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deny(mock, name, arity)

View Source (since 1.2.0)
@spec deny(mock, atom(), non_neg_integer()) :: mock when mock: t()

Ensures that name/arity in mock is not invoked.

When deny/3 is invoked, any previously declared stub for the same name and arity will be removed. This ensures that deny will fail if the function is called. If a stub/3 is invoked after deny/3 for the same name and arity, the stub will be used instead, so deny will have no effect.

Examples

To expect MockWeatherAPI.get_temp/1 to never be called:

deny(MockWeatherAPI, :get_temp, 1)
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expect(mock, name, n \\ 1, code)

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@spec expect(mock, atom(), non_neg_integer(), function()) :: mock when mock: t()

Expects the name in mock with arity given by code to be invoked n times.

If you're calling your mock from an asynchronous process and want to wait for the mock to be called, see the "Blocking on expectations" section in the module documentation.

When expect/4 is invoked, any previously declared stub for the same name and arity will be removed. This ensures that expect will fail if the function is called more than n times. If a stub/3 is invoked after expect/4 for the same name and arity, the stub will be used after all expectations are fulfilled.

Examples

To expect MockWeatherAPI.get_temp/1 to be called once:

expect(MockWeatherAPI, :get_temp, fn _ -> {:ok, 30} end)

To expect MockWeatherAPI.get_temp/1 to be called five times:

expect(MockWeatherAPI, :get_temp, 5, fn _ -> {:ok, 30} end)

To expect MockWeatherAPI.get_temp/1 not to be called (see also deny/3):

expect(MockWeatherAPI, :get_temp, 0, fn _ -> {:ok, 30} end)

expect/4 can also be invoked multiple times for the same name/arity, allowing you to give different behaviours on each invocation. For instance, you could test that your code will try an API call three times before giving up:

MockWeatherAPI
|> expect(:get_temp, 2, fn _loc -> {:error, :unreachable} end)
|> expect(:get_temp, 1, fn _loc -> {:ok, 30} end)

log = capture_log(fn ->
  assert Weather.current_temp(location)
    == "It's currently 30 degrees"
end)

assert log =~ "attempt 1 failed"
assert log =~ "attempt 2 failed"
assert log =~ "attempt 3 succeeded"

MockWeatherAPI
|> expect(:get_temp, 3, fn _loc -> {:error, :unreachable} end)

assert Weather.current_temp(location) == "Current temperature is unavailable"
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set_mox_from_context(context)

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@spec set_mox_from_context(term()) :: :ok

Chooses the Mox mode based on context.

When async: true is used, set_mox_private/1 is called, otherwise set_mox_global/1 is used.

Examples

setup :set_mox_from_context
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set_mox_global(context \\ %{})

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@spec set_mox_global(term()) :: :ok

Sets the Mox to global mode.

In global mode, mocks can be consumed by any process.

An ExUnit case where tests use Mox in global mode cannot be async: true.

Examples

setup :set_mox_global
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set_mox_private(context \\ %{})

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@spec set_mox_private(term()) :: :ok

Sets the Mox to private mode.

In private mode, mocks can be set and consumed by the same process unless other processes are explicitly allowed.

Examples

setup :set_mox_private
@spec stub(mock, atom(), function()) :: mock when mock: t()

Allows the name in mock with arity given by code to be invoked zero or many times.

Unlike expectations, stubs are never verified.

If expectations and stubs are defined for the same function and arity, the stub is invoked only after all expectations are fulfilled.

Examples

To allow MockWeatherAPI.get_temp/1 to be called any number of times:

stub(MockWeatherAPI, :get_temp, fn _loc -> {:ok, 30} end)

stub/3 will overwrite any previous calls to stub/3.

@spec stub_with(mock, module()) :: mock when mock: t()

Stubs all functions described by the shared behaviours in the mock and module.

Examples

defmodule MyApp.WeatherAPI do
  @callback temp(MyApp.LatLong.t()) :: {:ok, integer()}
  @callback humidity(MyApp.LatLong.t()) :: {:ok, integer()}
end

defmodule MyApp.StubWeatherAPI do
  @behaviour MyApp.WeatherAPI
  def temp(_loc), do: {:ok, 30}
  def humidity(_loc), do: {:ok, 60}
end

defmock(MyApp.MockWeatherAPI, for: MyApp.WeatherAPI)

setup do
  stub_with(MyApp.MockWeatherAPI, MyApp.StubWeatherAPI)
  :ok
end

This is the same as calling stub/3 for each callback in MyApp.MockWeatherAPI:

stub(MyApp.MockWeatherAPI, :temp, &MyApp.StubWeatherAPI.temp/1)
stub(MyApp.MockWeatherAPI, :humidity, &MyApp.StubWeatherAPI.humidity/1)
@spec verify!() :: :ok

Verifies that all expectations set by the current process have been called.

@spec verify!(t()) :: :ok

Verifies that all expectations in mock have been called.

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verify_on_exit!(context \\ %{})

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@spec verify_on_exit!(term()) :: :ok

Verifies the current process after it exits.

If you want to verify expectations for all tests, you can use verify_on_exit!/1 as a setup callback:

setup :verify_on_exit!